Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950s. Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of titanium, it is getting much attention as a biomaterial for implants. Furthermore, titanium promotes osseointegration without any additional adhesives by physically bonding with the living bone at the implant site. These properties are crucial for producing high-strength metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Titanium alloys are manufactured into the three types of α, β, and α + β. The scientific and clinical understanding of titanium and its potential applications, especially in the biomedical field, are still in the early stages. This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of titanium in biomedicine. We first explore the developmental history of titanium. Then, we review the recent advancement of the utility of titanium in diverse biomedical areas, its functional properties, mechanisms of biocompatibility, host tissue responses, and various relevant antimicrobial strategies. Future research will be directed toward advanced manufacturing technologies, such as powder-based additive manufacturing, electron beam melting and laser melting deposition, as well as analyzing the effects of alloying elements on the biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of titanium. Moreover, the role of titania nanotubes in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications, such as localized drug delivery system, immunomodulatory agents, antibacterial agents, and hemocompatibility, is investigated, and the paper concludes with the future outlook of titanium alloys as biomaterials.

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A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications.

Titanium-based materials: synthesis, properties, and applications

A review of the state of research in the field of friction stir welding and processing has been carried out. The features of plastic flow in friction stir welding and their connection with the processes of adhesion friction are shown. The main direction of research is related to the features of friction stir welding of titanium alloys. Special attention is paid to the selection of working tool materials from various alloys for friction stir welding and the processing of titanium alloys. The main advantages and disadvantages of applying different types of tools for friction stir welding of titanium alloys are shown. Different mechanisms of tool wear in friction stir welding associated with the interaction of processed material and tools are demonstrated. Information on the influence of tool and material interaction at welding on the mechanical properties and operational characteristics of obtained joints is given.

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Friction Stir Welding/Processing of Various Metals with Working Tools of Different Materials and Its Peculiarities for Titanium Alloys: A Review

Bead-on-plate welding of pure copper with a 1.5-kW high-power blue diode laser

Abstract In order to improve the fatigue performance of TC4 titanium alloy laser welded joints, ultrasonic rolling treatment was adopted in this study, and different passes of rolling process were used. The research results show that the ultrasonic rolling treatment significantly improves the fatigue limit and fatigue life of the weldment. At room temperature, the fatigue strength of the weldment increases by 2.04–4.58%, and the corrosion fatigue life increases by 1.71 to 3.05 times. This study also deeply analyzed the significant effects of ultrasonic rolling treatment on surface morphology, microstructure, surface residual stress and microhardness to reveal its strengthening mechanism. It was found that the ultrasonic rolling treatment shifted the crack initiation point to the subsurface and formed a hard layer with high residual stress on the surface by applying significant static pressure input and multiple treatments. This change makes the fatigue stripes narrower and denser. Compared with the traditional weld surface treatment method, ultrasonic rolling treatment significantly improves the surface quality and fatigue performance of TC4 titanium alloy laser welded joints. 

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M. Swapna Sai

Papers

A systematic review of fatigue behaviour of laser welding titanium alloys