https://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/mednat/antibacterial_activity_of_plant_extracts_and_phytochemicals_on_antibioticresistant_bacteria.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria

An important task of the clinical microbiology laboratory is the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of significant bacterial isolates. The goals of testing are to detect possible drug resistance in common pathogens and to assure susceptibility to drugs of choice for particular infections. The most widely used testing methods include broth microdilution or rapid automated instrument methods that use commercially marketed materials and devices. Manual methods that provide flexibility and possible cost savings include the disk diffusion and gradient diffusion methods. Each method has strengths and weaknesses, including organisms that may be accurately tested by the method. Some methods provide quantitative results (eg, minimum inhibitory concentration), and all provide qualitative assessments using the categories susceptible, intermediate, or resistant. In general, current testing methods provide accurate detection of common antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. However, newer or emerging mechanisms of resistance require constant vigilance regarding the ability of each test method to accurately detect resistance.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Review of General Principles and Contemporary Practices

Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens

TOXIC-SHOCK SYNDROME NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MENSTRUATION: A Review of 54 cases

Recent developments in paper-based microfluidic devices.

In the words of the authors, the paper by A. W. Bauer et al., from the University of Washington in Seattle, on a standardized single-disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing “. . . consolidate(s) and update(s) previous descriptions of the method and provide(s) a concise outline for its performance and interpretation.” Clinical microbiologists were relieved that finally a disk diffusion method had been standardized, could be used with ease, and provided reliable results as compared with minimum inhibitory concentration tests. The pivotal role of Hans Ericsson’s theoretical and practical studies (H. Ericsson and G. Svartz-Malmberg, Antibiot. Chemother. 6:41–74, 1959), as well as earlier reports by some of the authors of the publications cited, must be mentioned as a matter of fairness. Most of the recommendations given are still valid today even though some of the antimicrobial agents are obsolete, new ones have been added, some zone sizes had to be modified, and new media were designed for Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards continue to be based on this publication; the “Kirby-Bauer” method is, among the many disk methods used in other countries, still the one that has been researched most thoroughly and updated continuously. ALEXANDER VON GRAEVENITZ

M. Turck

Papers

Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method.