Plant extracts have been long used by the traditional healers for providing health benefits and are nowadays suitable ingredient for the production of formulated health products and nutraceuticals. Traditional methods of extraction such as maceration, percolation, digestion, and preparation of decoctions and infusions are now been replaced by advanced extraction methods for increased extraction efficiency and selectivity of bioactive compounds to meet up the increasing market demand. Advanced techniques use different ways for extraction such as microwaves, ultrasound waves, supercritical fluids, enzymes, pressurized liquids, electric field, etc. These innovative extraction techniques, afford final extracts selectively rich in compounds of interest without formation of artifacts, and are often simple, fast, environment friendly and fully automated compared to existing extraction method. The present review is focused on the recent trends on the extraction of different bioactive chemical constituents depending on the nature of sample matrices and their chemical classes including anthocyanins, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, oils, etc. In addition, we review the strategies for designing extraction, selection of most suitable extraction methods, and trends of extraction methods for botanicals. Recent progress on the research based on these advanced methods of extractions and their industrial importance are also discussed in detail.

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A critical analysis of extraction techniques used for botanicals: Trends, priorities, industrial uses and optimization strategies

Microalgae biomass as a sustainable source for biofuel, biochemical and biobased value-added products: An integrated biorefinery concept

Fragrance is an integral part of cosmetic products and is often regarded as an overriding factor in the selection of cosmetics among consumers. Fragrances also play a considerable role in masking undesirable smells arising from fatty acids, oils and surfactants that are commonly used in cosmetic formulations. Essential oils are vital assets in the cosmetic industry, as along with imparting pleasant aromas in different products, they are able to act as preservatives and active agents and, simultaneously, offer various benefits to the skin. Moreover, the stimulating demand for natural ingredients has contributed massively to a renewed interest in cosmetic and wellness industries in plant derivatives, especially essential oils. This has led popular cosmetic companies to endorse natural fragrances and opt for minimally processed natural ingredients, given the potentially adverse health risks associated with artificial fragrance chemicals, which are major elements of cosmetics. Among the high-valued essential oils used as fragrances are citrus, lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree and other floral oils, among others, while linalool, geraniol, limonene, citronellol, and citral are much-appreciated fragrance components used in different cosmetics. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the enormous versatility of essential oils as significant sources of natural fragrances in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Moreover, a special focus will be laid on the different aspects related to essential oils such as their sources, market demand, chemistry, fragrance classification, aroma profile, authenticity and safety.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/3/666/pdf

Essential Oils as Natural Sources of Fragrance Compounds for Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals.

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral. Although the homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, much attention is currently paid toward the chemical synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement and easily recovered, thus enhancing reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Furthermore, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area, and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlights the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts (including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts) derived from different chemicals, as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.

/pdf/widely-used-catalysts-in-biodiesel-production-a-review-3ko71t0w7i.pdf

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/543/1/012072/pdf

Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum L oil using Microwave with Calcium Carbonate catalyst

Saat ini pemanfaatan kapas dan kapuk masih terbatas penggunaannya dan seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi yang ada saat ini penggunaan kapas dan kapuk mulai sering banyak yang ditinggalkan. Oleh karena hal tersebut perlu dipikirkan kembali penggunaan kapas dan kapuk yang memiliki nilai guna dan nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi, diantaranya memanfaatkannya untuk pembuatan nitroselulosa. Tulisan ini menerangkan tentang pengaruh bahan baku selulosa pada proses pembuatan nitroselulosa dari bahan selulosa kapas dan kapuk dengan reaksi nitrasi, yang kedua pengaruh waktu reaksi, suhu reaksi, dan komposisi larutan asam terhadap kualitas nitroselulosa yang dihasilkan, dan yang ketiga perbandingan kualitas nitroselulosa yang dihasilkan dari selulosa kapas dan dari selulosa kapuk. Pada penelitian ini dibagi dalam dua tahapan yaitu tahap pembuatan nitroselulosa dan tahap pengujian ratio %nitroselulosa yang diperoleh dan kandungan gugus nitro dalam nitroselulosa. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah diketahui bahwa bahan baku selulosa kapas menghasilkan % rasio nitroselulosa produk lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan % rasio yang dihasilkan oleh bahan baku selulosa kapuk. %Rasio nitroselulosa dari bahan kapas adalah 20-50%, sedangkan untuk bahan kapuk adalah 6-30%.  Untuk menghasilkan gugus nitro yang paling banyak, pada variabel kapas diperlukan waktu reaksi 30 menit, suhu reaksi 15 O C, dan komposisi campuran asam H 2 SO 4 60 ml dan HNO 3 45 ml. Sedangkan untuk variabel kapuk, untuk menghasilkan gugus nitro yang paling banyak, pada variabel kapas diperlukan waktu reaksi 60 menit, suhu reaksi 5 O C, dan komposisi campuran asam H 2 SO 4 60 ml dan HNO 3 30 ml.

/pdf/pembuatan-nitroselulosa-dari-kapas-gossypium-sp-dan-kapuk-kw88grgih3.pdf

Pembuatan Nitroselulosa dari Kapas (Gossypium Sp.) dan Kapuk (Ceiba Pentandra) Melalui Reaksi Nitrasi

− Patchouli oil extraction in general is still using conventional methods that require a long time of extraction. It is therefore necessary to develop extraction methods to obtain patchouli oil with optimum yield and quality. One of the new methods, which has been successfully developed, is microwave hydrodistillation (MHD). In addition to optimizing the extraction process of patchouli oil, this study also used microwave air-hydrodistillation (MAHD). Based on the research results, extraction using MAHD method can produce higher yield of patchouli oil when compared using MHD method. Also, based on the results of the analysis by GC-MS, extraction using MAHD method can produce quality of patchouli oil that is almost the same when compared using MHD method. This is supported by the results of the analysis by GC-MS, which showed that the content of patchouli alcohol is the main component of patchouli oil, and is almost the same for patchouli oil extracted using MHD method (26.32%) and MAHD method (25.23%).

/pdf/a-preliminary-study-of-patchouli-oil-extraction-by-microwave-361qjrwriu.pdf

A Preliminary Study of Patchouli Oil Extraction by Microwave Air-Hydrodistillation Method

Extraction of Allium sativum L. using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction (SFME) without the addition of solvents in the process has been carried out. SFME is an alternative technique and method to produce essential oil and it has several advantages in terms of product quality. In this study, the essential oil was extracted from Allium sativum used extraction time from 10 to 90 min and microwave power in the range of 300-600 W. The result showed that SFME could produce the highest yield of 0.2636 g oil/100 g fresh garlic at 450 W and 90 min. In addition, the kinetic study of SFME model appears to be the best fit to explain with second-order than first-order model. It was proved by a good correlation between the experimental data and model achieved (R2>0.99) and (RMSE=0.0021). Based on the results obtained, second-order kinetic models could actually describe the kinetics model of extraction process from Allium sativum L. using SFME.

Kinetics Study Using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction of Essential Oil from Allium sativum L.

Methyl ester sulfonate can be synthesized from palm oil using sodium bisulfite as a sulfonating agent with microwave-assistance as a heating energy source. The use of microwave as an energy source can reduce the reaction time and increase the product. Methyl ester sulfonate can be produced in several stages, that is transesterification, sulfonation, purification, and neutralization. The transesterification process was carried out by reacting palm oil and methanol with a mol ratio of 1:9 and 1%wt of KOH catalyst at a microwave power of 300 watts, and a temperature of 60°C for 10 minutes. Methyl ester was sulfonated using sodium bisulfite at a power of 300 watts for 40 minutes at a temperature of 80°C-100°C. This process also used a CaO catalyst of 1.5% and the mole ratio of methyl ester:NaHSO3 is 1:2. The resulting methyl ester sulfonate was then purified by the addition of methanol and heated in a microwave power of 300 watts, at temperature 55°C for 10 minutes and then neutralized with NaOH. The resulting methyl ester sulfonate has a density of 0.8626 gr/ml, viscosity of 3.51 cSt, pH of 1.68, yield of 98.67%, and surface tension of 32.23 dyne/cm.

Mahfud Mahfud

Papers

Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum L oil using Microwave with Calcium Carbonate catalyst

Pembuatan Nitroselulosa dari Kapas (Gossypium Sp.) dan Kapuk (Ceiba Pentandra) Melalui Reaksi Nitrasi

A Preliminary Study of Patchouli Oil Extraction by Microwave Air-Hydrodistillation Method

Kinetics Study Using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction of Essential Oil from Allium sativum L.

The Study on Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate from Palm Oil using CaO Catalyst with Microwave-Assisted