The long wavelength (far-red to NIR) analyte-responsive fluorescent probes are advantageous for in vivo bioimaging because of minimum photo-damage to biological samples, deep tissue penetration, and minimum interference from background auto-fluorescence by biomolecules in the living systems. Thus, great interest in the development of new long wavelength analyte-responsive fluorescent probes has emerged in recent years. This review highlights the advances in the development of far-red to NIR fluorescent probes since 2000, and the probes are classified according to their organic dye platforms into various categories, including cyanines, rhodamine analogues, BODIPYs, squaraines, and other types (240 references).

Far-red to near infrared analyte-responsive fluorescent probes based on organic fluorophore platforms for fluorescence imaging

Cyanines during the 1990s: A Review

http://dbkgroup.org/Papers/davey_kell_micrev96.pdf

Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogeneous microbial populations: the importance of single-cell analyses.

Recent Advances in the Friedländer Reaction

The field of biomedical optics has matured rapidly over the last decade and is poised to make a significant impact on patient care. In particular, wide-field (typically > 5 cm), planar, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging has the potential to revolutionize human surgery by providing real-time image guidance to surgeons for tissue that needs to be resected, such as tumors, and tissue that needs to be avoided, such as blood vessels and nerves. However, to become a clinical reality, optimized imaging systems and NIR fluorescent contrast agents will be needed. In this review, we introduce the principles of NIR fluorescence imaging, analyze existing NIR fluorescence imaging systems, and discuss the key parameters that guide contrast agent development. We also introduce the complexities surrounding clinical translation using our experience with the Fluorescence-Assisted Resection and Exploration (FLARE™) imaging system as an example. Finally, we introduce state-of-the-art optical imaging techniques that might someday improve image-guided surgery even further.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2310/7290.2010.00034

Image-Guided Surgery Using Invisible Near-Infrared Light: Fundamentals of Clinical Translation:

The reactions of dye 1 with MeONa, MeNH 2 , PhONa, PhSNa, PhSH, and 4-H 2 NPhSH to yield the corresponding derivatives 2a-e, hydrodechlorination of 1 to 3 in the presence of EtSNa or PhSNa/Ph 2 PH, and synthesis of the SCN-substituted dye 4, a new reagent for ultratrace detection of proteins, are described

Substitution reactions of a nucleofugal group in heptamethine cyanine dyes. Synthesis of an isothiocyanato derivative for labeling of proteins with a near-infrared chromophore

Noncovalent and covalent methods of labeling protein with near-infrared polymethine cyanine dyes were compared for use in analyzing human serum albumin (HSA) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with near-infrared absorbance detection. While noncovalent labeling was faster than covalent labeling and took place in the physiological pH range, covalent labeling was more stable under conditions encountered in many of the widely used types of HPLC. Covalently labeled HSA protein peaks indicated uniform labeling of amino groups at both hydrophilic and hydrophobic binding sites, while noncovalent labeling showed a preference for hydrophobic binding sites.

Comparison of covalent and noncovalent labeling with near-infrared dyes for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of human serum albumin

Traditionally, visible fluorophores have been used as labels in DNA sequencing. They absorb and fluoresce in a region of the spectrum that is susceptible to biological interferences in sequencing samples. The increased noise level due to autofluorescence of glass, solvent, or impurities can greatly reduce the potential sensitivity of the analysis. In an attempt to increase the sensitivity, we have investigated the use of near-infrared (near-IR) fluorophores as labels in DNA sequencing. Near-IR fluorophores possess spectral properties which are observed between 700 and 1200 nm, a region with characteristically little interference by biomolecules. Therefore, the detection of near-IR dyes is not limited by noise levels, but rather by detector capabilities. Near-IR dyes are also suitable for selective excitation with commercially available laser diodes which can further enhance the observed fluorescence signal. We have covalently linked fuction-alized near-IR dyes to moiled DNA oligomers for use in DNA sequencing. We report the synthesis and chromatographic purification of near-IR-labeled DNA oligomers. Wefurther discuss the inherent properties of the conjugates and their use in DNA sequencing procedures

Malgorzata Lipowska

Papers

Substitution reactions of a nucleofugal group in heptamethine cyanine dyes. Synthesis of an isothiocyanato derivative for labeling of proteins with a near-infrared chromophore

Comparison of covalent and noncovalent labeling with near-infrared dyes for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of human serum albumin

Synthesis, Chromatographic Separation, and Characterization of Near-Infrared Labeled DNA Oligomers for Use in DNA Sequencing

New Near-Infrared Cyanine Dyes for Labelling of Proteins

Facile Derivatizations of Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes