IT may occasion some surprise to those men of science who are ill-acquainted with India, and who so frequently express the view that Governments are unappreciative of the importance of science to learn that as far back as 1886 the Government of India arranged for Dr. George (later Sir George) Watt, professor of botany in the Presidency College, Calcutta, to prepare a "Dictionary of the Economic Products of India". The six volumes of this standard work were published during the years 1889-99. In 1908 Sir George Watt published a condensed version, "The Commercial Products of India". Whatever the defects of these 'dictionaries', they have been of inestimable value to all interested in Indian natural products. The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Raw Materials, Vol. 1. Pp. xxvii+254+39 plates. 15 rupees ; 24s. Industrial Products, Part 1. Pp. xii+182+8 plates. 8 rupees ; 12s. (New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948.)

The Wealth of India

Fruit pulp and seeds from the jujube plant possess nutritional and medicinal properties. The bioactive components have been shown to vary both with cultivar and with growing conditions. Most studies report the components of varieties from China. We measured free amino acid, individual phenolic, and total phenolic content, and antioxidative activities in three jujube fruit pulp extracts from Boeun-deachu, Mechu, and Sanzoin cultivars and two seed extracts (Mechu and Sanzoin) from plants grown in Korea. In g/100 g dry weight, total free amino acid content measured by ion-exchange chromatography ranged from 5.2 to 9.8 in the pulp and from 4.0 to 5.3 in the seed. Total phenolic content measured by Folin-Ciocalteu ranged from 1.1 to 2.4 in the pulp and from 3.6 to 4.6 in the seed. Flavonoids were measured by HPLC and ranged from 0.7 to 1.8 in the pulp and from 3.2 to 4.0 in the seed. Flavonoids were identified by HPLC elution position and UV/vis and mass spectra. Fruits contained the following flavonoids: procyanidin B2, epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Q-3-R), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (Q-3-G), kaempferol-glucosyl-rhamnoside (K-G-R), and two unidentified compounds. Seeds contained the following flavonoids: saponarin, spinosin, vitexin, swertish, 6'''-hydroxybenzoylspinosin (6'''-HBS), 6'''-feruloylspinosin (6'''-FS), and one unidentified substance. Dimensions and weights of the fresh fruit samples affected phenolic content. The distribution of the individual flavonoids among the different samples varied widely. Data determined by the FRAP antioxidative assay were well correlated with total phenolic content. In a departure from other studies, data from the DPPH free radical assay were not correlated with FRAP or with any of the measured compositional parameters. Because individual jujube flavonoids are reported to exhibit different health-promoting effects, knowledge of the composition and concentration of bioactive compounds of jujube products can benefit consumers.

Distribution of free amino acids, flavonoids, total phenolics, and antioxidative activities of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) fruits and seeds harvested from plants grown in Korea.

Herbs have always been the natural form of medicine in India. Medicinal plants have curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substances of different composition which contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin and phenolic compounds distributed in different parts of the plants. Ziziphus jujuba Mill, a member of the family Rhamnaceae, commonly known as Bor, is used traditionally as tonic and aphrodisiac and sometimes as Hypnotic-sedative and Anxiolytic, anticancer (Melanoma cells), Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Cognitive, Antispastic, Antifertility/contraception, Hypotensive and Antinephritic, Cardiotonic, Antioxidant, Immunostimulant, and Wound healing properties. It possesses allied compounds viz. Ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin-bioflavonoids and Pectin A and various chemical substances like Mauritine-A; Amphibine-H; Jubanine-A; Jubanine-B; Mucronine-D and Nummularine-B. Sativanine-E. Frangufoline, Ziziphine-A to Q, betulinic acid colubrinic acid, alphitolic acid, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroylalphitolic acid, 3-O-transp­coumaroylalphitolic acid, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroylmaslinic acid, 3-O-trans-pcoumaroylmaslinic acid, oleanolic acid, betulonic acid, oleanonic acid, zizyberenalic acid and betulinic acid, jujubosides A, B, A1 B1 and C and acetyljujuboside B and the protojujubosides A, B and B1, saponin, ziziphin, from the dried leaves of Z. jujube - 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2)-a­arabinopyranosyl-20-O- (2,3)-di-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl jujubogenin. Saponin from leaves and stem are 3-O- ((2-O- alpha - D - furopyranosyl - 3-O- beta - D -glucopyranosyl) - alpha - L - arabinopyranosyl) jujubogenin and (6'''-sinapoylspinosin, 6'''-feruloylspinosin and 6'''-p-coumaroylspinosin. The present review discusses photo-chemistry, pharmacology, medicinal properties and biological activities of Za jujuba and its usage in different ailments.

Phyto-Pharmacology of Ziziphus jujuba Mill- A Plant Review

Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and sensory quality of dried jujube fruits as affected by cultivar and drying method

Chinese date, the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., has thousands of years cultivation history, and about 700 cultivars of dates in China. Two types of dates are commonly found in the market: (i) fresh immature dates consumed as fruits, and (ii) dried mature dates used as Chinese medicines. Here, chemical and biological properties of these dates were revealed. Different sources of dates showed similar chemical profiles; however, the amounts of identified chemicals showed a great variation. The amount of nucleotides, flavonoids and polysaccharides in dates could be affected by its maturity and drying process. In parallel, the antioxidative functions of their extracts were compared. The date extracts protected PC12 cells against tBHP-induced cytotoxicity, and which also stimulated the transcriptional activity of antioxidant response element. The antioxidative effects were varied among different dates. The current results suggested the optimization of sources and specific usage of different maturity dates.

Chemical and biological assessment of Ziziphus jujuba fruits from China: different geographical sources and developmental stages.

Jalgaon District of Maharashtra state (India) has a great heritage and rich in various green and semi evergreen species Record of 3347 species from 201 families appeared in earlier literature from Jalgaon District A list of 283 wound healing plants of Indian origin is compiled; out of these 224 plants are native of Maharashtra, a 131 plants among them occurred in Jalgaon District, which are in practice by local herbalist, Vaidyas and nonregistered medical practitioners and Mukhiya (Head) of tribal community Taxonomical distribution showed 9363% dicot and 637% monocot and a single aquatic plant The investigation revealed that wound healing natural products usually localized in root (27% ) > leaves (20%) > stem > seed > whole plant > fruit > flower > rhizome > tuber > shoot > stamen > grain > gall > filament and plant product like latex (46%), oil (40%) , gum and resin (7%) as evident from this survey Most of the remedies consisted of either single plant part or combination Methods of preparation varies and they are species specific viz: plant parts applied as a paste, juice extracted from the fresh plant parts, powder made from fresh or dried plant parts, some fresh plant parts, and decoction In this study the most dominant family was Leguminosae and roots were most frequently used for wound healing Here an attempt has also been made to work out on plants belonging to Jalgaon District in order to exploit them for preparation of ointment that can be used both in human and domestic animals

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Wound Healing Plants of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State, India

According to WHO report, over 80 % of the world population depends on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs. Exploration of traditional medicine is a mysteriously interesting yet, scientifically significant and economically important task of ethnobotanists. The people of India are well acquainted with a large number of indigenous medicinal plants than the natives of any other countries. Herbs are the principal form of medicine in India and they are becoming popular throughout the world. An ethnomedicinal survey was undertaken to compile information of medicinal plants to cure nephrotoxicity/kidney problems from traditional healer in khandesh region. The investigation revealed that about 61 plant families have potential to cure renal diseases. This includes 143 species of ethnomedicinally important nephroprotective plants in Maharashtra and 78 species found in khandesh region. Thus, information generated from the present study deals about 85% medicinal plant as diuretic activity, 10 % medicinal plant used in burning urination and 6.3% medicinal plants against stone formation. It is evident from this study that renal damage curing natural products are usually comprises in leaves 30% , root 22 % , seed 18 % , fruit 15 % pod 10 % ,Bark 8 % ,gum 5 % and whole plant 2 %. The variation in the mode of action and method of preparation is noted. Ninety percent data shows about 75% plants have reputation and repeatedly used by a number of researchers. This is followed by 13% and only 2% have folkloric reputations which are not yet exploited experimentally. It is either in form of paste, juice, powder or decoction. In this study, the most dominant family is Euphorbiaceae. The leaves are most frequently used in the treatment of nephrotoxicity than rest of aerial plant. Such review is not available in literature. This review provides comprehensive account on nephroprotective indigenous plants.

NE PHROPROTECTIVE PLANTS: A REVIEW Review Article

Plants are organic chemist and provide excellent sources of therapeutic organic compounds. Application and administration of these plants and their products to external use in wound healing is an age old practice. Phytoingredients like flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannins contribute antioxidant potential as they have inherent wound healing activity. Investigations have been carried out on in vitro antioxidant properties of fourteen indigenous wound healing plants, namely Acalypha indica Linn (leaves), Azadirachta indica A. Juss (leaves), Aloe vera Linn (stem), Curcuma longa Linn (rhizome), Curcuma aromatica Linn (rhizome), Cynodon dactylon Linn (leaves), Coriandrum sativum Linn (fruits), Murraya koenigii Spreng (root), Pongamia glabra Vent (leaves), Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (flower), Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (stem bark), Tridax procumbens Linn (leaves), Vitex negundo Linn (leaves), Ziziphus jujuba Mill (root). Assessment of the free radical scavenging potential of these plants has been worked out by standard methods in fresh aqueous juice of each plant, at a concentration of 0.1% (w/v). Enzymatic activities viz. catalase, peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and n on enzymatic ‐ reduced glutathione are taken as experimental parameters. Amongst them, M. koenigii exhibits excellent antioxidant activity, followed by C. aromatica and A. vera, whereas, C. sativum had relatively poor activity. Remaining eleven plants could demonstrate moderate potentiality.   The validity of experimentation has been computed statistically by one way ANOVA and HASSE diagram considering C .longa as 100% effective drug and owing to its high ethnobotanical value. Formulation of fresh juice of above three plants would provide better efficacy to prevent oxidative stress.

Comparative bioefficacy of antioxidant potential of fourteen indigenous wound healing plants

Introduction: Sphaeranthus indicus Linn, an asteracid weed, has been studied by various researchers. The flower of S. indicus possesses biological activities like Nematicidal, Larvicidal, Piscicidal and others, for example, agricultural. Objective: The present investigation for the antiprotozoal activitiy of a methanolic extract (MeOHx) and the alkaloidal fraction (SAF) of the flowers of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has been undertaken. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in seven groups of the Paramecium sp . by using the hemocytometer technique. Different concentrations of MeOHx (50 and 100 μg / ml) and SAF (20 and 40 μg / ml) were applied. The percent mortality was calculated and the results were expressed by using the probit analysis. Results: There was no significant activity against the tested protozoa. Conclusion: Thus, the results of the present investigation suggest that MeOHx and SAF are not responsible for the antiprotozoal property of S. indicus .

Manojkumar Z. Chopda

Papers

Phyto-Pharmacology of Ziziphus jujuba Mill- A Plant Review

Wound Healing Plants of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State, India

NE PHROPROTECTIVE PLANTS: A REVIEW Review Article

Comparative bioefficacy of antioxidant potential of fourteen indigenous wound healing plants

No evidence of antiprotozoal property of asteracid weeds Sphaeranthus indicus Linn