Applied Numerical Analysis. By C.F. Gerald. Pp. xii, 340. £3·60. 1970. (Addison-Wesley.)

https://www.neurones.espci.fr/Articles_PS/SPEECHCOM%201.pdf

Silent speech interfaces

http://www.cefala.org/~hani/Papers/hy_evb_spcom1998.pdf

Quantitative association of vocal-tract and facial behavior

The position of the tongue relative to the upper and lower jaws is regulated in part by the position of the hyoid bone, which, with the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles, controls the angulation and length of the floor of the mouth on which the tongue body 'rides'. The instantaneous shape of the tongue is controlled by the 'extrinsic muscles' acting in con- cert with the 'intrinsic' muscles. Recent anatomical research in non-human mammals has shown that the intrinsic muscles can best be regarded as a 'laminated segmental system' with tightly packed layers of the 'transverse', 'longitudinal', and 'vertical' muscle fibers. Each segment receives separate innervation from branches of the hypoglosssal nerve. These new anatomical find- ings are contributing to the development of functional models of the tongue, many based on increasingly refined finite element modeling techniques. They also begin to explain the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibu- lar 'kinetic chain', in feeding and consecutive speech. Similarly, major efforts, involving many imaging techniques (cinefluo- rography, ultrasound, electro-palatography, NMRI, and others), have examined the spatial and temporal relationships of the tongue surface in sound production. The feeding literature shows localized tongue-surface change as the process progresses. The speech literature shows extensive change in tongue shape between classes of vowels and consonants. Although there is a fundamental dichotomy between the referential framework and the methodological approach to studies of the orofacial com- plex in feeding and speech, it is clear that many of the shapes adopted by the tongue in speaking are seen in feeding. It is sug- gested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors.

/pdf/tongue-movements-in-feeding-and-speech-2gbzovxmd8.pdf

Tongue movements in feeding and speech

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has served as a valuable tool for studying static postures in speech production. Now, recent improvements in temporal resolution are making it possible to examine the dynamics of vocal-tract shaping during fluent speech using MRI. The present study uses spiral k-space acquisitions with a low flip-angle gradient echo pulse sequence on a conventional GE Signa 1.5-T CV/i scanner. This strategy allows for acquisition rates of 8-9 images per second and reconstruction rates of 20-24 images per second, making veridical movies of speech production now possible. Segmental durations, positions, and interarticulator timing can all be quantitatively evaluated. Data show clear real-time movements of the lips, tongue, and velum. Sample movies and data analysis strategies are presented.

An approach to real-time magnetic resonance imaging for speech production.

This paper describes two electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) systems that were developed for transducing articulatory movements during speech production. Alternating magnetic fields are generated by transmitter coils that are mounted in an assembly that fits on the head of a speaker. The fields induce alternating voltages in a number of small transducer coils that are attached to atriculators in the midline plane, inside and outside the vocal tract. The transducers are connected by fine lead wires to receiver electronics whose output voltages are processed to yield measures of transducer locations as a function of time. Measurement error can arise with this method, because as the articulators move and change shape, the transducers can undergo a varying amount of rotational misalignment with respect to the transmitter axes; both systems are designed to correct for transducer misalignment. For this purpose, one system uses two transmitters and biaxial transducers; the other uses three transmitters and single‐axis transducers. The systems have been compared with one another in terms of their performance, human subjects compatibility, and ease of use. Both systems can produce useful midsagittal‐plane data on articulator movement, and each one has a specific set of advantages and limitations. (Two commercially available systems are also described briefly for comparison purposes.) If appropriate experimental controls are used, the three‐transmitter system is preferable for practical reasons.

Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems for transducing speech articulatory movements

An indirect test of the quantal nature of speech in the production of the vowels /i/, /a/ and /u/

This report describes the design, construction, evaluation and operation of a system that utilizes alternating magnetic fields for transducing articulatory movements during speech production. The system simultaneously tracks the movements of a number of points on vocal tract structures in the midsagittal plane, inside and outside the vocal tract. It has been under development for several years, and it now exists as a finished laboratory apparatus which can be used to collect large amounts of data.

Marc H. Cohen

Papers

Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems for transducing speech articulatory movements

An indirect test of the quantal nature of speech in the production of the vowels /i/, /a/ and /u/

An alternating magnetic field system for tracking multiple speech articulatory movements in the midsagittal plane

Token-to-token variation of tongue-body vowel targets: the effect of context