Journal ArticleDOI
Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems for transducing speech articulatory movements
Joseph S. Perkell,Marc H. Cohen,Mario A. Svirsky,Melanie L. Matthies,Iñaki Garabieta,Michel T. T. Jackson +5 more
TLDR
Two electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems that were developed for transducing articulatory movements during speech production are described and each one has a specific set of advantages and limitations.Abstract:
This paper describes two electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) systems that were developed for transducing articulatory movements during speech production. Alternating magnetic fields are generated by transmitter coils that are mounted in an assembly that fits on the head of a speaker. The fields induce alternating voltages in a number of small transducer coils that are attached to atriculators in the midline plane, inside and outside the vocal tract. The transducers are connected by fine lead wires to receiver electronics whose output voltages are processed to yield measures of transducer locations as a function of time. Measurement error can arise with this method, because as the articulators move and change shape, the transducers can undergo a varying amount of rotational misalignment with respect to the transmitter axes; both systems are designed to correct for transducer misalignment. For this purpose, one system uses two transmitters and biaxial transducers; the other uses three transmitters and single‐axis transducers. The systems have been compared with one another in terms of their performance, human subjects compatibility, and ease of use. Both systems can produce useful midsagittal‐plane data on articulator movement, and each one has a specific set of advantages and limitations. (Two commercially available systems are also described briefly for comparison purposes.) If appropriate experimental controls are used, the three‐transmitter system is preferable for practical reasons.read more
Citations
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Silent speech interfaces
TL;DR: The article first outlines the emergence of the silent speech interface from the fields of speech production, automatic speech processing, speech pathology research, and telecommunications privacy issues, and then follows with a presentation of demonstrator systems based on seven different types of technologies.
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Quantitative association of vocal-tract and facial behavior
TL;DR: Multilinear techniques are applied to support the claims that facial motion during speech is largely a by-product of producing the speech acoustics and better estimated by the 3D motion of the face than by the midsagittalmotion of the anterior vocal-tract.
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Tongue movements in feeding and speech
TL;DR: It is suggested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors, and the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibular 'kinetic chain', in feeding and consecutive speech is suggested.
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An approach to real-time magnetic resonance imaging for speech production.
TL;DR: This study uses spiral k-space acquisitions with a low flip-angle gradient echo pulse sequence on a conventional GE Signa 1.5-T CV/i scanner to examine the dynamics of vocal-tract shaping during fluent speech using MRI.
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Comparing tongue shapes from ultrasound imaging using smoothing spline analysis of variance.
TL;DR: This paper demonstrates how the smoothing spline ANOVA (SS ANOVA) can be applied to the comparison of tongue curves and shows some data comparing obstruents produced in word-final and word-medial coda position.
References
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TL;DR: MRI techniques were used to gather basic data to apply in computational models of speech articulation and axial images of the pharyngeal cavity were collected during the production of an ensemble of nine vowels.
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Electromagnetic articulography: use of alternating magnetic fields for tracking movements of multiple points inside and outside the vocal tract.
TL;DR: A new electromagnetic device which uses alternating magnetic fields for tracking movements of multiple points inside and outside the vocal tract is presented, which is biologically safe, noninvasive, and especially suitable for evaluation of patients with speech motor impairments.
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A Difference Limen for Vowel Formant Frequency
TL;DR: In this paper, experiments have been conducted to determine difference limens (DL's) for vowel formant frequency, which are obtained from quality judgments on synthetic vowel sounds, and the results indicate the maximum accuracy necessary in analyzing the formant structure of spoken vowels and in synthesizing the sounds from the resulting formant data.
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Trading relations between tongue-body raising and lip rounding in production of the vowel /u/: a pilot "motor equivalence" study.
TL;DR: Articulatory and acoustic data were used to explore the following hypothesis for the vowel /u/: varying and reciprocal contributions of different articulators may help to constrain acoustic variation in achieving the goal of articulatory movements.
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Variability in production of the vowels /i/ and /a/.
TL;DR: The conjecture is that positioning of points on the tongue surface in a repetition experiment should be most accurate in the direction perpendicular to the vocal-tract midline, at the acoustically critical point of maximal constriction for each vowel.