Showing papers by "Marc J. B. Vreysen published in 2007"

Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests

Abstract: Integrated pest management (IPM) has remained the dominant paradigm of pest control for the last 50 years. IPM has been endorsed by essentially all the multilateral environmental agreements that have transformed the global policy framework of natural resource management, agriculture, and trade. The integration of a number of different control tactics into IPM systems can be done in ways that greatly facilitate the achievement of the goals either of field-by-field pest management, or of area-wide (AW) pest management, which is the management of the total pest population within a delimited area. For several decades IPM and AW pest control have been seen as competing paradigms with different objectives and approaches. Yet, the two “schools” have gradually converged, and it is now generally acknowledged that the synthesis, AW-IPM, neither targets only eradication, nor relies only on single control tactics, and that many successful AW programmes combine a centrally managed top-down approach with a strong grassroots bottom-up approach, and that some are managed in a fully bottom-up manner. AW-IPM is increasingly accepted especially for mobile pests where management at a larger scale is more effective and preferable to the uncoordinated field-by-field approach. For some livestock pests, vectors of human diseases, and pests of crops with a high economic value and low pest tolerance, there are compelling economic incentives for participating in AW control. Nevertheless issues of free riders, public participation and financing of public goods, all play a significant role in AW-IPM implementation. These social and managerial issues have, in several cases, severely hampered the positive outcome of AW programmes; and this emphasises the need for attention not only to ecological, environmental, and economic aspects, but also to the social and management dimensions. Because globalization of trade and tourism are accompanied by the increased movement of invasive alien pest species, AW programmes against major agricultural pests are often being conducted in urban and suburban areas. Especially in such circumstances, factors likely to shift attitudes from apathy to outrage, need to be identified in the programme planning stage and mitigated. This paper reviews the evolution and implementation of the AW-IPM concept and documents its process of development from basic research, through methods development, feasibility studies, commercialization and regulation, to pilot studies and operational programmes.

Area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM): principles, practice and prospects.

Abstract: Integrated pest management (IPM) has remained the dominant paradigm of pest control for the last 50 years. IPM has been endorsed by essentially all the multilateral environmental agreements that have transformed the global policy framework of natural resource management, agriculture, and trade. The integration of a number of different control tactics into IPM systems can be done in ways that greatly facilitate the achievement of the goals either of field-by-field pest management, or of area-wide (AW) pest management, which is the management of the total pest population within a delimited area. For several decades IPM and AW pest control have been seen as competing paradigms with different objectives and approaches. Yet, the two “schools” have gradually converged, and it is now generally acknowledged that the synthesis, AW-IPM, neither targets only eradication, nor relies only on single control tactics, and that many successful AW programmes combine a centrally managed top-down approach with a strong grassroots bottom-up approach, and that some are managed in a fully bottom-up manner. AW-IPM is increasingly accepted especially for mobile pests where management at a larger scale is more effective and preferable to the uncoordinated field-by-field approach. For some livestock pests, vectors of human diseases, and pests of crops with a high economic value and low pest tolerance, there are compelling economic incentives for participating in AW control. Nevertheless issues of free riders, public participation and financing of public goods, all play a significant role in AW-IPM implementation. These social and managerial issues have, in several cases, severely hampered the positive outcome of AW programmes; and this emphasises the need for attention not only to ecological, environmental, and economic aspects, but also to the social and management dimensions. Because globalization of trade and tourism are accompanied by the increased movement of invasive alien pest species, AW programmes against major agricultural pests are often being conducted in urban and suburban areas. Especially in such circumstances, factors likely to shift attitudes from apathy to outrage, need to be identified in the programme planning stage and mitigated. This paper reviews the evolution and implementation of the AW-IPM concept and documents its process of development from basic research, through methods development, feasibility studies, commercialization and regulation, to pilot studies and operational programmes.

A Strategy for an Area-Wide Control Campaign with an SIT Component to Establish a Tsetse- (Glossina austeni and Glossina brevipalpis) Free South Africa

Abstract: A strategy is proposed to create an area free of Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina austeni Newstead in the southern-most tsetse fly belt in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The concept is based upon an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approach that integrates several tsetse suppression techniques, such as insecticide impregnated odour-baited targets, mobile targets, the sequential aerosol technique (SAT), and the release of sterile insects (sterile insect technique (SIT)). The prerequisites for the proposed programme are described and include the development of sampling and control tools, ecological studies, entomological field surveys, feasibility studies and the development of adequate tsetse rearing capacity. The proposed AW-IPM strategy suggests the division of the 12 000 square kilometre tsetse-infested area into four zones of manageable size and the successive implementation of four phases (pre-suppression, suppression (population reduction), release of sterile males and post-eradication activities) in each of these zones following the "rolling carpet principle". Assuming a minimum release density of 100 sterile males per square kilometre, tsetse colonies of around 4.5 million producing G. brevipalpis females, and 5.5 million G. austeni would be required to sustain the releases. The entire programme would require an annual budget of USD 3.35 million for the duration of eight years. The creation of a tsetse fly-free area in South Africa and southern Mozambique would result in significant improvements to the livelihood of communal farmers owning around 350 000 cattle.