In the present paper a research has been done on the essay ‘Can the Subaltern Speak’ by’ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’. It has been explained into much simpler language about what the author conveys for better understanding and further references. Also the criticism has been done by various critiques from various sources which is helpful from examination point of view. The paper has been divided into various contexts with an introduction and the conclusions. Also the references has been written that depicts the sources of criticism.

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Can the Subaltern Speak

Southern Theory: The Global Dynamics of Knowledge in Social Science

Provincializing Europe. Postcolonial thought and historical difference

Dependence on others has often figured, in liberal thought, as the opposite of freedom. But the political anthropology of southern Africa has long recognized relations of social dependence as the very foundation of polities and persons alike. Reflecting on a long regional history of dependence ‘as a mode of action’ allows a new perspective on certain contemporary practices that appear to what we may call ‘the emancipatory liberal mind’ simply as lamentable manifestations of a reactionary and retrograde yearning for paternalism and inequality. Instead, this article argues that such practices are an entirely contemporary response to the historically novel emergence of a social world where people, long understood (under both pre-capitalist and early capitalist social systems) as scarce and valuable, have instead become seen as lacking value, and in surplus. Implications are drawn for contemporary politics and policy, in a world where both labour and forms of social membership based upon it are of diminishing value, and where social assistance and the various cash transfers associated with it are of increasing significance.

Declarations of dependence: labour, personhood, and welfare in southern Africa

This article examines the combination of interaction routines of the State with social movements in the designing of public policy during the Lula government in three sectors: rural development, urban policy and public security. The central argument is that in a context characterized by unprecedented permeability of the State, social movements and State actors created a historical pattern of State-society interaction. Under the motto "participation of civil society", social movements and state actors resorted to a repertoire of diversified interaction, which included institutional participations, protests, occupying posts in the pubic bureaucracy and personal relationships, with varying emphases depending on past patterns of State-society interactions in each sector.

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Repertórios de interação estado-sociedade em um estado heterogêneo: a experiência na Era Lula

/pdf/gaining-ground-rights-and-property-in-south-african-land-3xo8o37h34.pdf

Gaining Ground: "rights" and "property" in South African Land reform

The article critically reviews the recent publications in the field of social sciences regarding the themes of ‘Southern theories’, ‘theories from the South’ and ‘epistemologies of the South’ seeking to understand the limits and perspectives of this current wave of critique to the social sciences establishment. Analyzing the works of Boaventura Santos, Raewyn Connell and Jean and John Comaroff the article defines the use of the term ‘South’ as a circumstantial project under which different notions of theory are in a dispute for legitimacy. Such disputes are bringing to the center of the sociological debate the very notion of ‘theory’ and its production in a geopolitical context where Southern social scientists are actively participating in the international debates.

Theories of the South: Limits and perspectives of an emergent movement in social sciences:

Based on the observation that land occupations with camps currently place an unavoidable demand on the Brazilian state for land expropriation and redistribution, the article analyzes the sociogenesis of this discourse. The authors seek to: examine how the first landless camps emerged; understand how men and women mobilized to occupy land; and identify relations between the original landless camps in Brazil and the current ones. The article takes a comparative approach, focusing on the individuals involved in the first land occupations in the South, Southeast, and Northeast of the country. In the conclusion, the authors show how such discourse draws on individual initiatives and the intersection between historical processes, the constitution of movements, and the response by the Brazilian state.

/pdf/ocupacoes-de-terra-acampamentos-e-demandas-ao-estado-uma-33hlygspor.pdf

Ocupações de terra, acampamentos e demandas ao Estado: uma análise em perspectiva comparada

This article analyses the contributions of the sociologies or theories of the South to the contemporary debates on the production of theory in the social sciences. Starting with the assumption that...

Sociologies of the South and the actor-network-theory Possible convergences for an ontoformative sociology

This article analyses the actions of the Landless Workers' Movement (MST - Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra) in Brazil, and the Landless People's Movement in South Africa, in order to examine the form that the State assumes in these two social contexts. Its main objective is to show that in these countries, here defined as non-model, it is necessary to develop a complex theory to break away from the sociological dichotomy state/civil society. To break with the traditional analytical schemes, focused on the European case, it is necessary to embrace new and less biased ways of understanding the political forms of social belonging in the southern countries.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/soc/n20/a13n20.pdf

Marcelo C. Rosa

Papers

Gaining Ground: "rights" and "property" in South African Land reform

Theories of the South: Limits and perspectives of an emergent movement in social sciences:

Ocupações de terra, acampamentos e demandas ao Estado: uma análise em perspectiva comparada

Sociologies of the South and the actor-network-theory Possible convergences for an ontoformative sociology

Estado e ações coletivas na África do Sul e no Brasil: por uma sociologia contemporânea dos países não exemplares