Non-thrombotic PE does not represent a distinct clinical syndrome. It may be due to a variety of embolic materials and result in a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, making the diagnosis difficult. With the exception of severe air and fat embolism, the haemodynamic consequences of non-thrombotic emboli are usually mild. Treatment is mostly supportive but may differ according to the type of embolic material and clinical severity.

/pdf/guidelines-on-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-acute-1usqw9xdub.pdf

Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Endoscopic sphincterotomy complications and their management: an attempt at consensus

Head and neck cancer

Risk factors for complications after ERCP: a multivariate analysis of 11,497 procedures over 12 years.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(76)80139-4/pdf

Complications of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A study of 10,000 cases

Transluminal extraction of catheter and guide fragments from the heart and great vessels; 29 collected cases

A “blind” review of 40 “look-alike” ERCP examinations was conducted to determine if pancreatic carcinoma could be diagnosed by ERCP findings alone, and if there were specific findings which occurred only in carcinoma. All 11 cases of carcinoma involving the pancreas were diagnosed correctly, with no false positives or negatives. Irregular (nodular or rat-tailed) pancreatic duct encasement or obstruction occurred exclusively in carcinoma. When the adjacent common bile duct was similarly involved (Double Duct Sign), the diagnostic certainty increased. The results suggest that ERCP is an accurate and reliable method for diagnosing pancreatic carcinoma.

"Blind" evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma: the "double duct" and other signs.

Endoscopic visualization of the papilla of Vater was achieved in 98 of our first 100 attempts. Cannulation was successful in 87% of cases, achieving pancreatography alone in 29, cholangiography alone in 27, and both in 31. The relevant duct was adequately visualized in 72.5% of patients with biliary tract disease and in 72% of those with pancreatic disease. Complications were acceptably few. The procedure has proven valuable in difficult cases of obstructive jaundice and biliary type pain syndromes without jaundice. Many questions remain, however, as to its value in the diagnosis and evaluation of pancreatic disease.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Experience with 100 cases.

The results of 88 consecutive small-bowel enemas were compared retrospectively with the results of 52 routine small-bowel series and 50 barium enemas done in the same patients. Ninety-six percent of the diagnoses made by small-bowel enema were correct, as compared to only 65% made by routine small-bowel series. The incorrect studies were mostly false negatives and the abnormalities missed included regional enteritis, small-bowel obstruction, and intestinal lymphoma. The barium enema failed to achieve ileal reflux in 26% of patients and had a 23% false negative rate when reflux was achieved. Because small-bowel series as done by conventional methods was significantly less accurate, we believe small-bowel enema should be considered in patients with suspected small-bowel disease when other studies are negative.

Marcia K. Bilbao

Papers

Complications of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A study of 10,000 cases

Transluminal extraction of catheter and guide fragments from the heart and great vessels; 29 collected cases

"Blind" evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma: the "double duct" and other signs.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Experience with 100 cases.

Small-bowel enema. An underutilized method of small-bowel examination