Attachment--and loss.

Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

Death is the new sex, last great taboo in Western society and Western medicine, as Richard Smith discusses in his editorial (p 129). In the trinity of births, marriages, and deaths, only death does not have glossy magazines devoted to stylish consumption at the attendant ceremonies. On the web, of course, …

Death and dying

Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy.

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Handbook Of Psychological Testing

The objective of the present research was to investigate whether wisdom is a mediator in the association between the religious meaning system and the attitude toward death in the period of late adulthood. The study included 315 persons aged 60-75. Three measures were used: Religious Meaning System Scale (RMSS), Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS), Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R). The analyses allowed for a partial verification of the hypothesis that wisdom is a mediator in the relationship between the explicit religious meaning system and the multidimensional attitude toward death in late adulthood. It was confirmed that the relationship of the religious meaning system with fear of death, death avoidance, neutral acceptance, escape acceptance and approach acceptance is mediated by at least one (cognitive, reflective and/or affective) of the dimensions considered in the study.

Wisdom as the mediator in the relationships between religious meaning system and attitude toward death among older adults

Previous studies have demonstrated positive associations between identity disturbances and suicidality in adolescents; however, mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. The authors propose that borderline features and various internalizing disorders may mediate these relations. The aim of this study was to test a multiple mediation model of the associations between these constructs using structural equation modeling. Ninety-six inpatient adolescents aged 12-17 years completed the Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescents, the Childhood Interview for DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder, the Youth Self-Report, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Findings partly confirmed the theoretical model. Borderline features mediated the positive effect of identity disturbances on suicidal ideation severity. Mediations of withdrawn/depression and anxiety/depression on the effect of identity disruption on suicidal ideation intensity were demonstrated. Identity disruptions and borderline and depressive symptoms could be possible targets for interventions for youth experiencing suicidal ideation.

The Relations Between Identity Disturbances, Borderline Features, Internalizing Disorders, and Suicidality in Inpatient Adolescents.

Some authors suggest the existence of links between the mechanisms of defense and attitude toward death, however, mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. The objective of...

Does Psychosocial Ego Development Partially Mediate the Association Between Defense Mechanisms and Death Attitude

To investigate firefighters' multidimensional attitude toward death and psychological distress, 60 firefighters completed the Death Attitude Profile-Revised and the General Health Questionnaire-28. As predicted, fear of death and escape acceptance were positively related to severe depression and anxiety/insomnia. However, contrary to predictions, neutral acceptance and death avoidance were not associated with psychological distress. Our results indicate that it would be advisable to examine the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions for firefighters aimed at reducing the fear of death and escape acceptance.

Relations between multidimensional attitude toward death and psychological distress in firefighters

OBJECTIVES Prior studies have shown that pre-loss closeness and conflict with a deceased person are associated with the severity of symptoms of prolonged grief and/or depression. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. We propose a theoretical model in which past closeness and conflict are related to prolonged grief and depression via concrete and symbolic continuing bonds (CB). The aim of our study was to test this model in a sample of bereaved family members. METHODS Individuals (N = 244) who had lost a family member from 0.5 to 8.0 years before the survey completed the Quality of Relationships Inventory-Bereavement Version, the Continuing Bonds Scale, the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS The findings partially confirmed our model. Closeness was positively and moderately associated with symptoms of prolonged grief but not with symptoms of depression. Conflict was positively and weakly associated with symptoms of depression and prolonged grief. All of these relationships were only partially mediated by concrete/maladaptive and symbolic/adaptive CB. CONCLUSIONS The differences in the relationship of past closeness and conflict to prolonged grief and depression symptoms suggest that inter- and intrapersonal mechanisms of prolonged grief and depressive symptoms may be distinct. If future, especially longitudinal studies, confirm our model, CB would be a possible target for interventions for bereaved persons who had a close and/or conflicted relationship with a deceased family member and experience loss-related psychopathology. PRACTITIONER POINTS Continuing bonds (CB) are a potential target of interventions for bereaved persons who had a close and/or conflicted relationship with a deceased family member and experience symptoms of prolonged grief and/or depression. Internalization of the capacity to care for yourself and feel autonomous in a safe and stable therapeutic relationship may lead to increased self-confidence, promote working through past experiences in the relationship with the deceased, and gradual reduction of concrete forms of CB. Increasing awareness and acceptance of emotional experiences may contribute to the appreciation of past relationship with a deceased person and the growth of symbolic forms of CB. Future research should focus on verifying the effectiveness of the attachment-informed therapeutic approach to working with CB.

Marcin Sekowski

Papers

Wisdom as the mediator in the relationships between religious meaning system and attitude toward death among older adults

The Relations Between Identity Disturbances, Borderline Features, Internalizing Disorders, and Suicidality in Inpatient Adolescents.

Does Psychosocial Ego Development Partially Mediate the Association Between Defense Mechanisms and Death Attitude

Relations between multidimensional attitude toward death and psychological distress in firefighters

Conflicted or close: Which relationships to the deceased are associated with loss-related psychopathology?