Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

The Wretched of the Earth

Series Editor's Preface. Introduction by John Breuilly. Acknowledgements. 1. Definitions. State and nation. The nation. 2. Culture in Agrarian Society. Power and culture in the agro-literature society. The varieties of agrarian rulers. 3. Industrial Society. The society of perpetual growth. Social genetics. The age of universal high culture. 4. The Transition to an Age of Nationalism. A note on the weakness of nationalism. Wild and garden culture. 5. What is a Nation. The course of true nationalism never did run smooth. 6. Social Entropy and Equality in Industrial Society. Obstacles to entropy. Fissures and barriers. A diversity of focus. 7. A Typology of Nationalisms. The varieties of nationalist experience. Diaspora nationalism. 8. The Future of Nationalism. Industrial culture - one or many?. 9. Nationalism and Ideology. Who is for Nuremberg?. One nation, one state. 10. Conclusion. What is not being said. Summary. Select bibliography. Bilbliography of Ernest Gellner's writing: Ian Jarvie. Index

Nations and Nationalism

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The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class

that living with difference would be the problem of the twenty-first century. Instances all across the world provide evidence of this and this insightful book, centred on the Nordic countries, adds powerfully to a body of critical scholarship on race and ethnicity that shows how entangled they are within repressed histories of internal and external colonisation and imagined nationhood. By considering the treatment of indigenous minorities alongside migrant communities, the editors and contributors impressively advance understandings of theways in which difference is imagined and represented. Moreover the essays in this book skilfully analyse the peculiarity of claimed ethnic homogeneity. By linking the role of this myth to the influential model of the social democratic welfare state, they show that Hall’s ‘fateful triangle’ of ethnicity-race-nation requires a fourth pillar, namely the state. Here is a book that may seem to be mainly of relevance to Nordic scholars but will I hope be read well beyond there and by all those interested in ethnicity, migration and the state, for its critical, engaged and engaging, unmasking of assumed homogeneity as well as its search for the possibilities of solidarity across difference.” —KarimMurji, Co-editor ofCurrent Sociology, University of West London, UK

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Undoing Homogeneity in the Nordic Region : Migration, Difference and the Politics of Solidarity

The Syrian civil war has been, without doubt, the war most widely covered by international media in this millennium. Having engaged in an armed combat against the Islamic State ( IS ), Kurdish military troops, especially the female battalion, have received considerable international media attention. This study examines the gender dimension of national media representations of female Kurdish combatants belonging to the Protection Units ( YPJ ) in Syria. How have the female combatants been framed in British and French media? To what extent are these representations gendered? The overall data consists of news articles from national media outlets in France and in the United Kingdom between 2014 and 2015, and is analyzed with frame analysis. The results show that the juxtaposition of female combatants with IS fighters allows the depiction of the participation of the former as exceptional and heroic and as one that deconstructs the masculinity of its adversary. The role of female combatants in the ongoing conflict is represented in the British and French media through the construction of sexualized and modern-day heroine figures that are largely glorified.

Gender in the Representations of an Armed Conflict: Female Kurdish Combatants in French and British Media

Abstract Transnational connections and attachments fostered by migrants’ offspring between different geographical localities have introduced new dynamics that must be considered in determining how identity formation relates to place. Raised in a transnational field, the way members of the generation-in-between develop a sense of belonging puts into question the centrality of territoriality in understanding the meanings of home and homeland. This paper examines the (digital) transnational ties among young Kurds in Finland and how territorial and non-territorial frames of reference feature in their narratives. The data for this paper derive from interviews conducted with 23 young adults of Kurdish origin currently residing in Finland. Herein we make use of four of these interviews to illustrate in ideal-typical form the variety of ways that young adult members of this diaspora community forge their own identities. The findings indicate that transnational ties represent a form of cultural continuity with one’s past in the homeland, while simultaneously raising fundamental issues about what it means to call Finland home.

Homing Desire at the Juncture of Place and Transnational Spaces: The Case of Young Kurds in Finland

The goal of this special issue of the Nordic Journal of Migration Research is to provide insights into the ways in which visibility and invisibility of migrants (or those perceived as migrants) to and from the Nordic countries can be understood theoretically and empirically. Scholars studying migrants and minorities have employed the terms “visible” and “invisible” in a variety of ways. In the North American context, researchers often use the terms in a descriptive manner (in contrast to an analytical use) when referring to various groups of ethnic or racial minorities or persons of migrant background. In the European context, on the other hand, the concepts of “visibility” and “invisibility” are more rarely employed by scholars, who are more inclined to use terms such as “ethnicity”, “nationality” or “culture” when making distinctions between groups of people based on their (supposed) origins. Nevertheless, European scholars – and to a lesser degree, Nordic scholars – have also utilized the vocabulary of in/visibility in different contexts, as we will show in this introduction. What seems to be missing, however, is a broader theoretical consideration of the usefulness of the term in/visibility when researching migrants and minority groups. We wish to contribute to this discussion in this special issue, focusing on the Nordic context. Not only are the terms “visible” and “invisible” used varyingly in different scholarly traditions, but state institutions and the media also make frequent use of the terms, albeit mainly in the North American context. The diffuse use of the term makes the task of defining in/visibility in a comprehensive manner rather challenging, perhaps even impossible, not least because the words carry different meanings and connotations in different national and linguistic settings. Nevertheless, we argue that an analytical focus on how certain groups and individuals become “visible” or “invisible”, for example in daily encounters with persons representing the “majority”, can shed light on processes of racialization in the Nordic context. Following Miles (1994: 109–114), we understand racialization as a social process through which (real or imagined) embodied and biological features become associated with certain meanings and values. This process results in individuals and groups being assigned to certain identity categories, which mark them as different from the “majority” and influence their everyday life in society. This special issue aims to critically assess the analytical purchase of the term in/visibility in understanding migration-related phenomena in the Nordic context. We argue that the focus on in/ visibility can help analyse how various processes of racialization and practices of “othering” come about and manifest themselves in Nordic societies. The four articles examine in/visibility in different realms: in personal relationships and everyday encounters between individuals (Guðjonsdottir 2014; Toivanen 2014), in events organized in the public sphere (Juul 2014) and at the level of media debates (Huhta 2014). By looking at these various realms, the special issue highlights how racialization is a significant mechanism through which certain groups of people are rendered more or less in/visible. This applies also to the Nordic context, where “race” has been a sensitive topic in scholarship on migration, as the recent debate between Annika Rabo and Rikke Andreassen in the Nordic Journal of Migration Research (2014) testifies. Following Andreassen, we maintain that a focus on “ethnicity” or “culture” fails to explain the social realities and inequities that many groups of migrants and minorities face in the contemporary Nordic region. Our focus on in/visibility will illuminate how “race”, understood as a socially constructed category, influences group position in Nordic societies in a forceful way – both in the case of groups that are racialized as visible (Toivanen 2014) and in the case of privileged individuals who due to their “whiteness” can pass as “one of us” in everyday interactions (Guðjonsdottir 2014). While we highlight the importance of analysing how individuals’ physical characteristics – or, to be more precise, the values and meanings associated with these characteristics – influence their Received 4 March 2014; Accepted 18 September 2014

Mari Toivanen

Papers

Undoing Homogeneity in the Nordic Region : Migration, Difference and the Politics of Solidarity

Gender in the Representations of an Armed Conflict: Female Kurdish Combatants in French and British Media

Homing Desire at the Juncture of Place and Transnational Spaces: The Case of Young Kurds in Finland

RESEARCHING IN/VISIBILITY IN THE NORDIC CONTEXT: Theoretical and empirical views

Negotiating home and belonging – young Kurds in Finland