Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development

Title: A classification system for research designs in psychology. Abstract: In this work we devise a conceptual framework and develop some basic principles to promove a classification system for the most usual research designs in psychology based on three strategies (manipulative, as- sociative and descriptive) from which emerge different types of studies, three for manipulative strategy (experimental, quasi-experimental and sin- gle-case), three for associative strategy (comparative, predictive and expla- natory) and two for descriptive strategy (observational and selective).

/pdf/un-sistema-de-clasificacion-de-los-disenos-de-investigacion-1d1fhntifl.pdf

Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología

Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale in 53 nations: Exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem.

Purpose of reviewPolysubstance use is common, particularly amongst some age groups and subcultures. It is also associated with elevated risk of psychiatric and physical health problems. We review the recent research findings, comment on changes to polysubstance diagnoses, report on contemporary clin

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:328753/PolysubstanceReviewCOPPreprintOPEN.pdf

Polysubstance use: diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health

Drug addiction is characterized by the inability to control drug use when it results in negative consequences or conflicts with more adaptive goals. Our previous work showed that damage to the insula disrupted addiction to cigarette smoking—the first time that the insula was shown to be a critical neural substrate for addiction. Here, we review those findings, as well as more recent studies that corroborate and extend them, demonstrating the role of the insula in (1) incentive motivational processes that drive addictive behavior, (2) control processes that moderate or inhibit addictive behavior, and (3) interoceptive processes that represent bodily states associated with drug use. We then describe a theoretical framework that attempts to integrate these seemingly disparate findings. In this framework, the insula functions in the recall of interoceptive drug effects during craving and drug seeking under specific conditions where drug taking is perceived as risky and/or where there is conflict between drug taking and more adaptive goals. We describe this framework in an evolutionary context and discuss its implications for understanding the mechanisms of behavior change in addiction treatments.

http://nasirnaqvimdphd.com/101111_nyas12415.pdf

The insula: a critical neural substrate for craving and drug seeking under conflict and risk

An observational study of driving distractions on urban roads in Spain.

/pdf/the-connor-davidson-resilience-scale-cd-risc-amongst-young-4382zfik7e.pdf

The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) amongst Young Spanish Adults

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between perceived quality of life and levels of burnout among healthcare personnel. A sample of 1095 participants (nurses, physicians, nursing assistants and orderlies) from five hospitals in the province of Girona (Spain) were studied (78% women, mean age=36.6 years, SD=8.8) using the 36-item short-form health questionnaire (SF-36) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results showed that health-related quality of life reported by this sample of healthcare personnel was lower than the reference population values, especially in those SF-36 dimensions that comprise the mental component. In comparing the dimensions of the SF-36 by profession, we found that physicians had better perceived health in the dimensions of the physical component than nurses and other professionals (P 0.05). Moreover, perceived health was worse among those that reported a high level on any of the components of burnout. These results should be taken account when designing a burnout prevention programme in the workplace.

Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel

Background and Purpose—Hospitalization as a result of stroke provides an opportunity to stop smoking that is often not taken up. The present study analyzes sociodemographic, psychological, and lesion-related variables to identify associated factors for smoking cessation during the first year after stroke. Methods—We conducted a prospective longitudinal study with a 1-year follow-up of a cohort of 110 patients with acute stroke who were smokers at the time of diagnosis and were admitted consecutively between January 2005 and July 2007. Results—On hospital release, 69.1% had given up smoking but at 1 year, only 40% had stopped smoking. Of the 110 patients, 27 (24.5%) had an acute stroke lesion in the insular cortex, of which 19 (70.3%) were nonsmokers at 1 year. Strongly associated factors in giving up smoking were the location of the lesion in the insular cortex (OR, 5.42; 95% CI, 1.95–15.01; P=0.001) and having the intention of giving up before the stroke, comparing precontemplating patients (without inte...

/pdf/smoking-cessation-1-year-poststroke-and-damage-to-the-3aggt0fomz.pdf

Smoking Cessation 1 Year Poststroke and Damage to the Insular Cortex

The present research investigated the proportion of drivers that engage in a wide range of observable and unobservable driving distractions, along with a number of variables associated with driver distraction. A total of 426 semi-structured interviews were performed, with the results weighed according to the proportion of driver licences among city residents of each gender and age group (18–24, 25–44, 45–64, and 65+). Drivers were most inclined to think about phone-related activities when asked about driving distractions, although the vast majority also recognised that a wide variety of other activities can be regarded as distractions. Drivers were aware of the ban on handheld mobile phone activities, but their knowledge of the law was less accurate in relation to other illegal activities, such as manipulating a SatNav while driving. Almost 90% of participants reported engaging in distractions while driving, such as: looking at something outside the vehicle, thinking about things unrelated to the driving task and manipulating the audio entertainment system. The figures for text messaging, having a handheld or hands-free conversation were also relatively high (43.7%, 32.2%, and 25.4%, respectively). Texting while driving was perceived to be the most dangerous secondary activity, followed by having a handheld conversation, with significant differences between distractions. Further, hands-free conversations were perceived to be significantly less risky than handheld conversations. Perceived descriptive norms consistently predicted engagement in all distraction types. The results show that drivers are well aware that secondary activities can be distracting and are risky, and yet a substantial proportion of drivers reported engaging in a wide variety of distractions while driving.

/pdf/driving-distractions-an-insight-gained-from-roadside-4pa6639rgg.pdf

Maria Eugènia Gras

Papers

An observational study of driving distractions on urban roads in Spain.

The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) amongst Young Spanish Adults

Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel

Smoking Cessation 1 Year Poststroke and Damage to the Insular Cortex

Driving distractions: An insight gained from roadside interviews on their prevalence and factors associated with driver distraction