偏头痛是一种很常见的神经性头痛病，由中枢神经系统兴奋性增高引起，是世界范围内失最容易影响日常生活和工作的疾病之一?诊断根据头痛的特点和相关症状作出：偏头痛对社会和经济的影响相当大，能影响患者的生活质量、工作、社会活动和家庭生活。偏头痛急性发作期和预防性治疗的方法很多。急性发作期治疗既可以是特异性(曲坦类和麦角类)的，也可以是非特异性(止痛药)的。严重影响日常生活和工作的偏头痛应当用曲坦类药物治疗。头痛频繁发作是进行预防性治疗的指征。预防性治疗可降低发作频率并改善生活质量。更多的治疗方法正在不断涌现，这为众多偏头痛仍然无法控制的患者带来了希望。

Migraine

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with more than 2 million new cases in 2020. Its incidence and death rates have increased over the last three decades due to the change in risk factor profiles, better cancer registration, and cancer detection. The number of risk factors of BC is significant and includes both the modifiable factors and non-modifiable factors. Currently, about 80% of patients with BC are individuals aged >50. Survival depends on both stage and molecular subtype. Invasive BCs comprise wide spectrum tumors that show a variation concerning their clinical presentation, behavior, and morphology. Based on mRNA gene expression levels, BC can be divided into molecular subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like). The molecular subtypes provide insights into new treatment strategies and patient stratifications that impact the management of BC patients. The eighth edition of TNM classification outlines a new staging system for BC that, in addition to anatomical features, acknowledges biological factors. Treatment of breast cancer is complex and involves a combination of different modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapies delivered in diverse sequences.

Breast Cancer—Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies—An Updated Review

Breast cancer is a sporadic disease with genetic and epigenetic components. Genomic instability in breast cancer leads to mutations, copy number variations, and genetic rearrangements, while epigenetic remodeling involves alteration by DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs (miRNAs) of gene expression profiles. The accrued scientific findings strongly suggest epigenetic dysregulation in breast cancer pathogenesis though genomic instability is central to breast cancer hallmarks. Being reversible and plastic, epigenetic processes appear more amenable toward therapeutic intervention than the more unidirectional genetic alterations. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic reprogramming associated with breast cancer such as shuffling of DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone methylation, and miRNAs expression profiles. As part of this, we illustrate how epigenetic instability orchestrates the attainment of cancer hallmarks which stimulate the neoplastic transformation-tumorigenesis-malignancy cascades. As reversibility of epigenetic controls is a promising feature to optimize for devising novel therapeutic approaches, we also focus on the strategies for restoring the epistate that favor improved disease outcome and therapeutic intervention.

MicroRNAs and Epigenetics Strategies to Reverse Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a kind of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This cancer is responsible for more than 15–20% of all breast cancers and is of particular research interest as it is therapeutically challenging mainly because of its low response to therapeutics and highly invasive nature. The non-availability of specific treatment options for TNBC is usually managed by conventional therapy, which often leads to relapse. The focus of this review is to provide up-to-date information related to TNBC epidemiology, risk factors, metastasis, different signaling pathways, and the pathways that can be blocked, immune suppressive cells of the TNBC microenvironment, current and investigation therapies, prognosis, and the role of artificial intelligence in TNBC diagnosis. The data presented in this paper may be helpful for researchers working in the field to obtain general and particular information to advance the understanding of TNBC and provide suitable disease management in the future.

/pdf/triple-negative-breast-cancer-a-brief-review-about-2m3xw8sn.pdf

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Brief Review About Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Signaling Pathways, Treatment and Role of Artificial Intelligence

Association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals with thyroid hormones in general adult population and potential mechanisms.

The widespread application of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, in industrial and home-business sectors, and the expected increase in the number of workers and consumers that use these devices, have raised concerns regarding the possible health implications of 3D printing emissions. To inform the risk assessment and management processes, this review evaluates available data concerning exposure assessment in AM workplaces and possible effects of 3D printing emissions on humans identified through in vivo and in vitro models in order to inform risk assessment and management processes. Peer-reviewed literature was identified in Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases. The literature demonstrated that a significant fraction of the particles released during 3D printing could be in the ultrafine size range. Depending upon the additive material composition, increased levels of metals and volatile organic compounds could be detected during AM operations, compared with background levels. AM phases, specific job tasks performed, and preventive measures adopted may all affect exposure levels. Regarding possible health effects, printer emissions were preliminary reported to affect the respiratory system of involved workers. The limited number of workplace studies, together with the great variety of AM techniques and additive materials employed, limit generalizability of exposure features. Therefore, greater scientific efforts should be focused at understanding sources, magnitudes, and possible health effects of exposures to develop suitable processes for occupational risk assessment and management of AM technologies.

Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing: Implications for Risk Assessment and Management in Occupational Settings.

Breast cancers include a heterogeneous group of diseases with clinical behaviors that may vary according to the hormonal receptor status. However, limited knowledge is available on the role of breast cancer environmental and occupational risk factors in the onset of specific molecular disease phenotypes. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide an overview on the possible correlation between occupational chemical exposures and breast cancers with a specific receptor pattern. Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases were systematically reviewed to identify all the studies addressing chemical exposure in workplaces and risk of breast cancer classified according to the presence of estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. Some positive associations were reported between solvent, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, organophosphoric insecticide, and synthetic fiber exposure and estrogen receptor-positive cases, while other investigations demonstrated a relationship with receptor-negative tumors or failed to detect any significant effect. Overall, further investigation should overcome limitations due to the self-reported information on work histories, the chemical classification in general categories, and the lack of environmental or biological monitoring exposure data. This may support the development of suitable and individually "tailored" occupational risk assessment and management strategies to protect the health of exposed workers, particularly those with hypersusceptibility conditions.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/12/1882/pdf

Occupational Chemical Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk According to Hormone Receptor Status: A Systematic Review.

Opportunities and challenging issues of nanomaterials in otological fields: an occupational health perspective.

Objectives Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of headache, mainly affecting the working age population with a great socioeconomic impact. The etiology of migraine is still uncertain, and various individual and/or environmental risk factors have been suggested as triggers of the attacks, including irregularities in the sleep-wake rhythm. In this perspective, it is possible that shift and night work, affecting circadian rhythms, may play a key function in the disease pathogenesis. Therefore, aim of this review was to provide an overview on the possible association between shift works and migraine development or clinical outcomes. Methods A systematic review of literature studies available in Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases, addressing the possible shift work-migraine relationship was performed. Results Conflicting data emerged from the revised studies. Some results supported a positive association between migraine prevalence and shift works, according to peculiar job tasks, seniority in shift works, specific work schedules, and number of night shifts performed in a month. However, other investigations failed to confirm such findings. Conclusions The limited number of available studies, their cross-sectional nature, the different criteria employed for migraine diagnosis, and the various shift work schedules analyzed, together with exposure to other confounding factors on workplace do not allow to extrapolate definite conclusions on shift work-migraine relationship. From an occupational health perspective, further studies appear necessary to better understand such exposure-disease association and possibly define risk assessment and management strategies to protect the health of susceptible and/or migraine affected workers.

Shift work and migraine: A systematic review

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychological well-being (PWB) during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in workers of a multinational company. Methods: Employees (aged ≥ 18 years) were recruited from Latin American, North American, New Zealand and European sites of a multinational company operative during all the pandemic period. The self-reported Psychological General Well Being Index (PGWBI) was employed to assess the global PWB and the effects on 6 sub-domains: anxiety, depressed mood, positive well-being, self-control, general health and vitality. The influencing role of age, gender, geographical location, COVID-19 epidemiology, and restrictive measures adopted to control the pandemic was explored. Results: A total of 1335 workers completed the survey. The aggregate median PWB global score was in a positive range, with significantly better outcomes detected in the Mexican and Colombian Latin American sites compared to the other worldwide countries (p<0.001). Among the European locations, a significantly higher PWB score was determined in Spain compared to the German and French sites (p<0.05). Comparable geographical trends were demonstrated for all the PWB sub-domains. Male workers had a significantly better PWB compared to females (p<0.05), while a negative correlation emerged with aging (p=0.01). COVID-19 epidemiology and pandemic control measures had no clear effects on PWB. Conclusions: Monitoring PWB and the impact of individual and pandemic-related variables may be helpful to clarify the mental health effects of pandemic, define targeted psychological-supporting measures, also in the workplace, in order to face such a complex situation in a more constructive way.

Maria Luigia Ercolano

Papers

Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing: Implications for Risk Assessment and Management in Occupational Settings.

Occupational Chemical Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk According to Hormone Receptor Status: A Systematic Review.

Opportunities and challenging issues of nanomaterials in otological fields: an occupational health perspective.

Shift work and migraine: A systematic review

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: the psychological well-being in a cohort of workers of a multinational company.