Word embeddings are a powerful machine-learning framework that represents each English word by a vector. The geometric relationship between these vectors captures meaningful semantic relationships between the corresponding words. In this paper, we develop a framework to demonstrate how the temporal dynamics of the embedding helps to quantify changes in stereotypes and attitudes toward women and ethnic minorities in the 20th and 21st centuries in the United States. We integrate word embeddings trained on 100 y of text data with the US Census to show that changes in the embedding track closely with demographic and occupation shifts over time. The embedding captures societal shifts-e.g., the women's movement in the 1960s and Asian immigration into the United States-and also illuminates how specific adjectives and occupations became more closely associated with certain populations over time. Our framework for temporal analysis of word embedding opens up a fruitful intersection between machine learning and quantitative social science.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/16/E3635.full.pdf

Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes.

The psychoanalytical sections, as would be expected from a distinguished psychoanalyst, are at once the main strength of the book and the main weakness in that they are relatively so full as to make the whole work appear overbalanced towards this school of thought. Drugs, physical treatments and community therapies each merit five or six pages?much less than is devoted to recent changes in personality theory. The style of the book is somewhat ponderous and humourless. The general layout and production are good, while the full references and appendices will be useful. In sum, it is the best general historical survey available of the mid-century position of

The History of Psychiatry

Psychiatric comorbidity in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures compared with epilepsy.

Psychiatry Around the Globe: A Transcultural View

Background: Gender bias has been an ongoing issue in health care, examples being underrepresentation of women in health studies, trivialization of women's physical complaints, and discrimination in the awarding of research grants. We examine here a different issue-gender disparity when it comes to the allocation of research funding among diseases. Materials and Methods: We perform an analysis of funding by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to ascertain possible gender disparity in its allocation of funds across diseases. We normalize funding level to disease burden, as measured by the Disability Adjusted Life Year, and we specifically consider diseases for which both disease burden and funding level are provided. We apply a power-law regression analysis to model funding commensurate with disease burden. Results: We find that in nearly three-quarters of the cases where a disease afflicts primarily one gender, the funding pattern favors males, in that either the disease affects more women and is underfunded (with respect to burden), or the disease affects more men and is overfunded. Moreover, the disparity between actual funding and that which is commensurate with burden is nearly twice as large for diseases that favor males versus those that favor females. A chi-square test yields a p-value of 0.015, suggesting that our conclusions are representative of the full NIH disease portfolio. Conclusions: NIH applies a disproportionate share of its resources to diseases that affect primarily men, at the expense of those that affect primarily women.

Gender Disparity in the Funding of Diseases by the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

Hysteria is undoubtedly the first mental disorder attributable to women, accurately described in the second millennium BC, and until Freud considered an exclusively female disease. Over 4000 years of history, this disease was considered from two perspectives: scientific and demonological. It was cured with herbs, sex or sexual abstinence, punished and purified with fire for its association with sorcery and finally, clinically studied as a disease and treated with innovative therapies. However, even at the end of 19th century, scientific innovation had still not reached some places, where the only known therapies were those proposed by Galen. During the 20th century several studies postulated the decline of hysteria amongst occidental patients (both women and men) and the escalating of this disorder in non-Western countries. The concept of hysterical neurosis is deleted with the 1980 DSM-III. The evolution of these diseases seems to be a factor linked with social “westernization”, and examining under what conditions the symptoms first became common in different societies became a priority for recent studies over risk factor.

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Women and Hysteria in the history of mental health

/pdf/carmel-ferragud-2019-una-ciutat-medieval-en-cerca-de-la-425eu0jw27.pdf

Carmel Ferragud (2019) Una ciutat medieval en cerca de la salut (Xàtiva, 1250-1500). Catarroja – Barcelona : Editorial Afers.

Nuovi documenti sulla presenza dell'Ordine di Sant'Antonio di Vienne nel Mediterraneo medioevale




Il presente contributo vuole offrire un aggiornamento sugli ospedalieri antoniani della precettoria generale di Ranverso, sulle loro attività in Val di Susa e sulle loro proprietà sul colle del Piccolo Moncenisio tra XIII e XV secolo. L’indagine si è basata sugli studi finora pubblicati (soprattutto quelli di Italo Ruffino), sui documenti e sugli inventari archivistici, esaminati alla luce delle nuove interpretazioni in materia di storia antoniana e di storia degli ospedali tardomedievali più in generale. Accantonata la teoria di antoniani quali esperti infermieri, è possibile rileggere la storia dell’ospedale di Ranverso come epicentro di un’azienda agricola che si estendeva fino al Moncenisio. L’esame delle fonti scritte, sia coeve che tarde e indirette, ha fatto emergere una problematica gestione dei pascoli non presidiati, e dimostrato che gli stessi antoniani non furono sempre in grado di rivendicare i loro diritti di proprietà o di pascolo a causa della dispersione dei documenti.




/pdf/gli-antoniani-della-val-di-susa-e-le-proprieta-sul-piccolo-1xqzow5s.pdf

Mariangela Rapetti

Papers

Women and Hysteria in the history of mental health

Carmel Ferragud (2019) Una ciutat medieval en cerca de la salut (Xàtiva, 1250-1500). Catarroja – Barcelona : Editorial Afers.

Nuovi documenti sulla presenza dell'Ordine di Sant'Antonio di Vienne nel Mediterraneo medioevale

Gli antoniani della Val di Susa e le proprietà sul Piccolo Moncenisio (XIII-XV secolo)