The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the variety of definitions, concepts, and theories of psychological resilience. To this end, the narrative is divided into three main sections. The first considers how resilience has been defined in the psychology research literature. Despite the construct being operationalized in a variety of ways, most definitions are based around two core concepts: adversity and positive adaptation. A substantial body of evidence suggests that resilience is required in response to different adversities, ranging from ongoing daily hassles to major life events, and that positive adaptation must be conceptually appropriate to the adversity examined in terms of the domains assessed and the stringency of criteria used. The second section examines the conceptualization of resilience as either a trait or a process, and explores how it is distinct from a number of related terms. Resilience is conceptualized as the interactive influence of psychological characteristics within the context of the stress process. The final section reviews the theories of resilience and critically examines one theory in particular that is commonly cited in the resilience literature. Future theories in this area should take into account the multiple demands individuals encounter, the meta-cognitive and -emotive processes that affect the resilience-stress relationship, and the conceptual distinction between resilience and coping. The review concludes with implications for policy, practice, and research including the need to carefully manage individuals’ immediate environment, and to develop the protective and promotive factors that individuals can proactively use to build resilience.

/pdf/psychological-resilience-a-review-and-critique-of-5553skhrq3.pdf

Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory.

https://www.hal.inserm.fr/file/index/docid/534325/filename/Davydov_Clin_Psychol_Rev_30_479.pdf

Resilience and mental health.

Purpose To identify health-promoting strategies employed by experienced physicians in order to define prototypical resilience processes and key aspects of resiliencefostering preventive actions. Method

https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/sites/anesthesiology/docs/If_Every_Fifth_Physician_Is_Affected_by_Burnout,.29.pdf

If Every Fifth Physician Is Affected by Burnout, What About the Other Four? Resilience Strategies of Experienced Physicians

Aim
To describe nursing research that has been conducted to understand the phenomenon of resilience in nurses.

Background
Resilience is the ability to bounce back or cope successfully despite adverse circumstances. Nurses deal with modern-day problems that affect their abilities to remain resilient. Nursing administrators/managers need to look for solutions not only to recruit nurses, but to become knowledgeable about how to support and retain nurses.

Evaluation
A comprehensive search was undertaken for nursing research conducted between 1990 and 2011. Key search terms were nurse, resilience, resiliency and resilient. Whittemore and Knafl's integrative approach was used to conduct the methodological review.

Key issues
Challenging workplaces, psychological emptiness, diminishing inner balance and a sense of dissonance are contributing factors for resilience. Examples of intrapersonal characteristics include hope, self-efficacy and coping. Cognitive reframing, toughening up, grounding connections, work-life balance and reconciliation are resilience building strategies.

Conclusion
This review provides information about the concept of resilience. Becoming aware of contributing factors to the need for resilience and successful strategies to build resilience can help in recruiting and retaining nurses.

Implications for nursing management
Understanding the concept of resilience can assist in providing support and developing programmes to help nurses become and stay resilient.

/pdf/resilience-in-nurses-an-integrative-review-9yzj9f65ex.pdf

Resilience in Nurses: An Integrative Review

Intervention studies to foster resilience - A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies.

TOPIC. Concept analysis of resilience.

PURPOSE. To analyze the concept of resilience and provide a definition of resilience that is contextually independent of specific age-related groups or populations.

SOURCES. Published literature.

CONCLUSIONS. Resilience is being increasingly studied in innovative ways among diverse populations. The broadly accepted definition of the term, however, has evolved through literature related specifically to children and adolescents. This concept analysis can provide a fundamental definition of resilience that is derived from the evolution of the term but broadly supports contemporary applications. Resilience researchers can apply this definition when exploring the possibility of resilience-based interventions.

Resilience: A Concept Analysis

This longitudinal study of substance abuse treatment in residential and outpatient settings examines substance abuse treatment under managed care insurance, and compares client characteristics, processes, and outcomes of substance abuse treatment, by gender and ethnicity. At baseline, the women in the study (N = 69), compared to men (N = 91), were on more psychotropic medications, had higher scores for drug dependency, and lower quality of life scores, including symptomatology and functional status. Women also had higher drug use scores before treatment than men, and fewer days of sobriety; after treatment there were no significant differences between women and men. Although these women were more affected by their substance abuse than men at baseline, the differences were eliminated by follow-up.At baseline, Caucasians (N = 103) used more psychotropic medications than Hispanics. Additionally, Caucasians had higher functional status and total quality of life compared to non-Caucasians (Hispanic and African...

Gender and Ethnicity Group Differences Among Substance Abuse Treatment Clients Insured Under Managed Care

Introduction
Eating in restaurants contributes to excess caloric intake, which leads to weight gain, but little is known about strategies used to manage weight or barriers to weight management in restaurant settings. We describe and compare the strategies men and women use and the barriers they encounter when eating at restaurants.

Peer Reviewed: Strategies for and Barriers to Managing Weight When Eating at Restaurants

INTRODUCTION Eating in restaurants contributes to excess caloric intake, which leads to weight gain, but little is known about strategies used to manage weight or barriers to weight management in restaurant settings. We describe and compare the strategies men and women use and the barriers they encounter when eating at restaurants. METHODS We recruited a convenience sample of 146 adults at a university open house. Participants completed questionnaires on demographics and eating patterns, strategies used to manage weight in restaurants, and barriers to managing weight in restaurants. RESULTS The most common strategies used by participants were avoiding sugar-filled drinks, choosing steamed vegetables and whole-grain foods, and stopping eating when full. We found few differences by sex: women were more likely to share appetizers or meals, substitute appetizers for meals, have salads as entrees, order salad dressing on the side, and bring half of the meal home. CONCLUSION Women and men had more similarities than differences in strategies for and barriers to managing weight in restaurants. We need to understand what influences food choices at restaurants in order to develop comprehensive plans for weight management.

/pdf/strategies-for-and-barriers-to-managing-weight-when-eating-6wgbqi4gvj.pdf

Strategies for and barriers to managing weight when eating at restaurants.

Callaghan’s quantitative study, described in “The Influences of Basic Conditioning Factors on Healthy Behaviors, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Care in Adults,” addresses the importance of the influence of religiosity and spirituality on health. In her study, Callaghan aimed to identify the influences of basic conditioning factors on the practice of healthy behaviors, self-efficacy beliefs, and ability for self-care. Statistically significant relationships were found between age, gender, income, marital status, education, and routine practice of religion and the study variables. The most significant finding, however, was among participants who reported practicing religion. Those who practiced religion reported more frequent self-promoting self-care behaviors, increased self-care self-efficacy, and increased ability for self-care. This finding, in particular, is relevant to holistic nursing because it may contribute to nurses incorporating spirituality or religiosity in their assessment of the self-care health needs of their patients.

Marie Earvolino-Ramirez

Papers

Resilience: A Concept Analysis

Gender and Ethnicity Group Differences Among Substance Abuse Treatment Clients Insured Under Managed Care

Peer Reviewed: Strategies for and Barriers to Managing Weight When Eating at Restaurants

Strategies for and barriers to managing weight when eating at restaurants.

Commentary on "the influence of basic conditioning factors on healthy behaviors, self-efficacy, and self-care in adults".