https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/36264.pdf

Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health.

Objective. —To assess the validity and utility of PRIME-MD (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders), a new rapid procedure for diagnosing mental disorders by primary care physicians. Design. —Survey; criterion standard. Setting. —Four primary care clinics. Subjects. —A total of 1000 adult patients (369 selected by convenience and 631 selected by site-specific methods to avoid sampling bias) assessed by 31 primary care physicians. Main Outcome Measures. —PRIME-MD diagnoses, independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals, functional status measures (Short-Form General Health Survey), disability days, health care utilization, and treatment/ referral decisions. Results. —Twenty-six percent of the patients had a PRIME-MD diagnosis that met full criteria for a specific disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition . The average time required of the primary care physician to complete the PRIME-MD evaluation was 8.4 minutes. There was good agreement between PRIME-MD diagnoses and those of independent mental health professionals (for the diagnosis of any PRIME-MD disorder, κ=0.71; overall accuracy rate=88%). Patients with PRIME-MD diagnoses had lower functioning, more disability days, and higher rates of health care utilization than did patients without PRIME-MD diagnoses (for all measures, P Conclusion. —PRIME-MD appears to be a useful tool for identifying mental disorders in primary care practice and research. ( JAMA . 1994;272:1749-1756)

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=JAMA&articleId=383992&pdfFileName=jama_272_22_029.pdf

Utility of a New Procedure for Diagnosing Mental Disorders in Primary Care: The PRIME-MD 1000 Study

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the result of complex gene-environment interactions. According to the World Health Organization, MDD is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and it is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. However, the definitive environmental mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of MDD remain elusive. The gut microbiome is an increasingly recognized environmental factor that can shape the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. We show here that the absence of gut microbiota in germ-free (GF) mice resulted in decreased immobility time in the forced swimming test relative to conventionally raised healthy control mice. Moreover, from clinical sampling, the gut microbiotic compositions of MDD patients and healthy controls were significantly different with MDD patients characterized by significant changes in the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Fecal microbiota transplantation of GF mice with 'depression microbiota' derived from MDD patients resulted in depression-like behaviors compared with colonization with 'healthy microbiota' derived from healthy control individuals. Mice harboring 'depression microbiota' primarily exhibited disturbances of microbial genes and host metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This study demonstrates that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may have a causal role in the development of depressive-like behaviors, in a pathway that is mediated through the host's metabolism.

Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host's metabolism

This chapter differentiates the stressful consequences of social organization from the stressful antecedents of psychological disorder. The pivotal distinction concerns whether the occurrence of stressors is viewed as socially determined, or as independent of social placement. Recent research is evaluated concerning both the social distribution of stress and social variation in response to stress. Two particularly productive areas of inquiry are also reviewed: self-efficacy as a mediator between social position and stress; and the intersection of macro- and micro-stress processes in economic and occupational spheres, with emphasis upon gender stratification. This review concludes that the occurrence of systemic stressors is not necessarily an indication of a social system run amok but may reflect instead the system functioning precisely as it is supposed to function.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2083444.pdf

Social Stress: Theory and Research

OBJECTIVE: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale has been the gold standard for the assessment of depression for more than 40 years. Criticism of the instrument has been increasing. The authors review studies published since the last major review of this instrument in 1979 that explicitly examine the psychometric properties of the Hamilton depression scale. The authors’ goal is to determine whether continued use of the Hamilton depression scale as a measure of treatment outcome is justified. METHOD: MEDLINE was searched for studies published since 1979 that examine psychometric properties of the Hamilton depression scale. Seventy studies were identified and selected, and then grouped into three categories on the basis of the major psychometric properties examined—reliability, item-response characteristics, and validity. RESULTS: The Hamilton depression scale’s internal reliability is adequate, but many scale items are poor contributors to the measurement of depression severity; others have poor interrater ...

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight?

In the interest of developing a conceptual framework for distance education, the authors describe the use of systems theory concepts in designing, implementing, and evaluating a distance education program. They describe input, throughput, and output factors used in creating and operating the program, as well as the incorporation of feedback in making modifications to the program. The systems perspective allowed the authors to better understand the interaction of variables affecting the operation of the program and where changes can be made to address problems and enhance student learning.

Going the Distance: Using Systems Theory to Design, Implement, and Evaluate a Distance Education Program

A structured interview version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: evidence of reliability and versatility of administration.

Gender differences in depression detection: A comparison of clinician diagnosis and standardized assessment.

Using socioemotional selectivity theory as a framework, the study described in this article examined the extent to which social support from friends both within and outside of a retirement community was associated with depression. Although levels of social support from friends within the retirement community were quantitatively high, they failed to have a significant effect on depression. In contrast, social support from friends living elsewhere consistently predicted low levels of depression. Practice implications include the importance of maintaining friendship ties with people living elsewhere and of strengthening friendship ties within the retirement community.

Social Support and Depression among Older Adults Living Alone: The Importance of Friends Within and Outside of a Retirement Community

The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) were administered to 120 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These patients also rated the importance of various aspects of their treatment. Our findings support the validity of the pain, anxiety, depression, dexterity, and physical activity subscales of the AIMS. The household activity subscale, however, may not be appropriate for use with men, and the activities of daily living subscale may be insensitive to mild impairment.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.1780300113

Marilyn K. Potts

Papers

Going the Distance: Using Systems Theory to Design, Implement, and Evaluate a Distance Education Program

A structured interview version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: evidence of reliability and versatility of administration.

Gender differences in depression detection: A comparison of clinician diagnosis and standardized assessment.

Social Support and Depression among Older Adults Living Alone: The Importance of Friends Within and Outside of a Retirement Community

Evidence of the validity of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales.