THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

Intermolecular And Surface Forces

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes

Renewable polymeric materials from vegetable oils: A perspective

Plant oils as platform chemicals for polyurethane synthesis: current state-of-the-art.

Natural vegetable oils have been transformed in polymers following three main routes. The first is the direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain. The cationic copolymerization of soybean oil with styrene, divinylbenzene, and different amounts of styrenic monomers containing Si allows producing materials with improved mechanical and flame retardant properties. The second route is the functionalization of the triglyceride double bonds to introduce readily polymerizable groups: The singlet oxygen photoperoxidation-dehydration of the allylic positions of the high oleic sunflower oil allows producing enone-containing triglycerides that are chemically crosslinked with aromatic diamines through aza-Michael reactions. At high temperatures, this curing reaction proceeds through a complex mechanism leading to quinoline moieties. This new crosslinking approach can be also applied to aldehyde containing triglycerides. The third route consists of using plant oil-derived chemicals like 10-undecenoic acid to produce tailor made monomers. Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization has been applied to allyl 10-undecenoate, 10-[2',5'-bis(10-undecenoyloxy)phenyl]-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, and 1,3-bis(10-undecenoyl)glycerol to prepare a set of polyesters with different phosphorus and hydroxyl contents. Moreover thiol-ene "click" coupling of allyl 10-undecenoate with mercaptoethanol, 3-mercaptopropanoic acid, and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane has been used to produce difunctional telechelic polyesters.

Vegetable oils as platform chemicals for polymer synthesis

Oligomeric polyether polyols were obtained through the acid-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of epoxidized methyl oleate and the subsequent partial reduction of ester groups to give primary alcohols. The oligomers were characterized with titration, spectroscopic techniques (Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Depending on the degree of reduction, polyols of different hydroxyl content values were obtained and were reacted with 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) to yield polyurethanes. These materials, which were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, could behave as hard rubbers or rigid plastics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 634–645, 2006

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Synthesis and characterization of polyurethanes from epoxidized methyl oleate based polyether polyols as renewable resources

Vegetable oils are excellent renewable raw materials for thermosetting polymers. By the direct polymerization of triglyceride C=C, we obtained organic-inorganic hybrid materials with promising properties for optical applications by the hydrosilylation of alkenyl-terminated fatty acid derivatives. The presence of double bonds in triglycerides makes it possible to attach some functional groups through chemical modification, and we describe various chemical pathways for functionalizing triglycerides and fatty acids. Epoxidation is one of the most interesting chemical modifications that leads to epoxidized vegetable oils. We report the preparation of biobased polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes-nanocomposites from epoxidized linseed oil. Moreover, we describe the preparation of a new family of epoxidized methyl oleate-based polyether polyols, which were used in the synthesis of polyurethanes with specific applications: silicon-containing polyurethanes with enhanced flame-retardant properties and polyurethane networks with potential applications in biomedicine. An enone-containing triglyceride derivative was obtained, by an environmentally friendly chemical procedure from high oleic sunflower oil that could be cross-linked with diamines. In a similar way, triglycerides containing secondary allylic alcohols can be obtained that can be further functionalized with acrylate or phosphorus-containing derivatives to obtain flame-retardant thermosets.

Marina Galià

Papers

Renewable polymeric materials from vegetable oils: A perspective

Plant oils as platform chemicals for polyurethane synthesis: current state-of-the-art.

Vegetable oils as platform chemicals for polymer synthesis

Synthesis and characterization of polyurethanes from epoxidized methyl oleate based polyether polyols as renewable resources

Vegetable oil-based thermosetting polymers.