THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

Intermolecular And Surface Forces

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

The utilization of plant oil renewable resources as raw materials for monomers and polymers is discussed and reviewed. In an age of increasing oil prices, global warming and other environmental problems (e.g. waste) the change from fossil feedstock to renewable resources can considerably contribute to a sustainable development in the future. Especially plant derived fats and oils bear a large potential for the substitution of currently used petrochemicals, since monomers, fine chemicals and polymers can be derived from these resources in a straightforward fashion. The synthesis of monomers as well as polymers from plant fats and oils has already found some industrial application and recent developments in this field offer promising new opportunities, as is shown within this contribution. (138 references.)

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Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science

Renewable polymeric materials from vegetable oils: A perspective

Plant oils as platform chemicals for polyurethane synthesis: current state-of-the-art.

Natural vegetable oils have been transformed in polymers following three main routes. The first is the direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain. The cationic copolymerization of soybean oil with styrene, divinylbenzene, and different amounts of styrenic monomers containing Si allows producing materials with improved mechanical and flame retardant properties. The second route is the functionalization of the triglyceride double bonds to introduce readily polymerizable groups: The singlet oxygen photoperoxidation-dehydration of the allylic positions of the high oleic sunflower oil allows producing enone-containing triglycerides that are chemically crosslinked with aromatic diamines through aza-Michael reactions. At high temperatures, this curing reaction proceeds through a complex mechanism leading to quinoline moieties. This new crosslinking approach can be also applied to aldehyde containing triglycerides. The third route consists of using plant oil-derived chemicals like 10-undecenoic acid to produce tailor made monomers. Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization has been applied to allyl 10-undecenoate, 10-[2',5'-bis(10-undecenoyloxy)phenyl]-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, and 1,3-bis(10-undecenoyl)glycerol to prepare a set of polyesters with different phosphorus and hydroxyl contents. Moreover thiol-ene "click" coupling of allyl 10-undecenoate with mercaptoethanol, 3-mercaptopropanoic acid, and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane has been used to produce difunctional telechelic polyesters.

Juan C. Ronda

Papers

Renewable polymeric materials from vegetable oils: A perspective

Plant oils as platform chemicals for polyurethane synthesis: current state-of-the-art.

Vegetable oils as platform chemicals for polymer synthesis

Polybenzoxazines: new players in the bio-based polymer arena

Boron-containing novolac resins as flame retardant materials