Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

The influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition. 
The isotopic composition of the nitrogen in an animal reflects the nitrogen isotopic composition of its diet. The δ^(15)N values of the whole bodies of animals are usually more positive than those of their diets. Different individuals of a species raised on the same diet can have significantly different δ^(15)N values. The variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different species raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets. Different tissues of mice are also enriched in ^(15)N relative to the diet, with the difference between the δ^(15)N values of a tissue and the diet depending on both the kind of tissue and the diet involved. The δ^(15)N values of collagen and chitin, biochemical components that are often preserved in fossil animal remains, are also related to the δ^(15)N value of the diet. 
The dependence of the δ^(15)N values of whole animals and their tissues and biochemical components on the δ^(15)N value of diet indicates that the isotopic composition of animal nitrogen can be used to obtain information about an animal's diet if its potential food sources had different δ^(15)N values. The nitrogen isotopic method of dietary analysis probably can be used to estimate the relative use of legumes vs non-legumes or of aquatic vs terrestrial organisms as food sources for extant and fossil animals. However, the method probably will not be applicable in those modern ecosystems in which the use of chemical fertilizers has influenced the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in food sources. 
The isotopic method of dietary analysis was used to reconstruct changes in the diet of the human population that occupied the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico over a 7000 yr span. Variations in the δ^(15)C and δ^(15)N values of bone collagen suggest that C_4 and/or CAM plants (presumably mostly corn) and legumes (presumably mostly beans) were introduced into the diet much earlier than suggested by conventional archaeological analysis.

Influence of Diet On the Distribtion of Nitrogen Isotopes in Animals

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

What is ecological speciation

We suggest that the ultimate outcome of interactions between native species and invasive species (extinction or coexistence) depends on the number of simultaneous negative interactions (competition and predation), which depends on relative body sizes of the species. Multiple simultaneous interactions may constrain the ability of native species to trade fitness components (i.e., reduced growth for reduced risk of predation) causing a spiral to extinction. We found evidence for five types of interactions between the adults and juveniles of introduced western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and the juveniles of native least chub (Iotichthys phlegethontis). We added ten large (23–28 mm) and seven small (9–13 mm) young-of-the-year (YOY) least chub to replicate enclosures with zero, low, and high densities of mosquitofish in a desert spring ecosystem. Treatments with mosquitofish reduced the average survival of least chub by one-third. No small YOY least chub survived in enclosures with high mosquitofish densities. We also performed two laboratory experiments to determine mortality to predation, aggressiveness, and habitat selection of least chub in the presence of mosquitofish. Mean mortality of least chub due to predation by large mosquitofish was 69.7% over a 3-h trial. Least chub were less aggressive, selected protected habitats (Potamogeton spp.), and were more stationary in the presence of mosquitofish where the dominance hierarchy was large mosquitofish>>large least chub≈small mosquitofish>>small least chub. Least chub juveniles appear to be figuratively caught in a vice. Rapid growth to a size refuge could reduce the risk of predation, but the simultaneous effects of competition decreased least chub growth and prolonged the period when juveniles were vulnerable to mosquitofish predation.

Complex interactions between native and invasive fish: the simultaneous effects of multiple negative interactions

We evaluate the cost‐of‐reproduction hypothesis in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis and examine how the importance of this trade‐off changes as females age (i.e., the terminal‐investment hypothesis). These beetles breed on small vertebrate carcasses, which serve as a food resource for them and their offspring. Consistent with the cost‐of‐reproduction hypothesis, females manipulated to overproduce offspring suffered a reduction in fecundity and life span when compared to controls, although all reproducing females had reduced life spans compared to nonbreeding females. Older females produced larger broods and allocated less of the carcass to their own body mass and a greater proportion to offspring than did younger females. Resource allocation to offspring increased with age. Females given larger carcasses invested more in current reproduction and less in future reproduction than did females given smaller carcasses. Our results provide unconfounded support for both the cost‐of‐reproductio...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/605963

Cost of reproduction, resource quality, and terminal investment in a burying beetle.

Understanding patterns of variation in body size within and among species is a central question in evolutionary ecology (Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998). The most well known pattern of variation in body size is Bergmann’s rule (Bergmann 1847; Mayr 1956). The intraspecific version of Bergmann’s rule holds that within endothermic species, body size increases with increasing latitude (or decreasing temperature; Blackburn et al. 1999; Ashton et al. 2000). In general, mammals conform to this rule (Ashton et al. 2000). Ray (1960) proposed that ectothermic organisms also follow Bergmann’s rule, on the basis of primarily one line of argument. Specifically, ectotherms reared at relatively lower temperatures typically mature later at larger sizes when compared with conspecifics reared at higher temperatures (Atkinson 1994; Sibly and Atkinson 1994). Ray (1960) reasoned that the negative slope of the reaction norm between size at maturity and rearing temperature combined with generally lower temperatures at higher latitudes would produce a cline of increasing body size with increasing latitude. Ray (1960) summarized field data from previous studies to add generality to his claim of ectotherms following Bergmann’s rule. In regard to fishes, he states that “the rule is obeyed by a great number of fishes as shown by numerous reports in the literature” (Ray 1960, p. 93), but he provides no citations related to variation in body size across latitude. All his citations regarding fish apply to meristic counts

/pdf/bergmann-s-rule-in-ectotherms-a-test-using-freshwater-fishes-4y4b3w0amh.pdf

Bergmann's rule in ectotherms: a test using freshwater fishes.

Notes and Comments Bergmann's Rule in Ectotherms: A Test Using Freshwater Fishes

The threat-sensitivity hypothesis predicts that prey individuals will increase antipredator behaviors as apparent predator risk increases An implicit assumption of the threat-sensitivity hypothesis is that predator risk is additive In other words, all characteristics of a predator that indicate risk should contribute in an additive way to determine the degree of risk-sensitive behavior We tested this assumption in the laboratory by presenting live predators (green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus) to groups of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) We examined effects of predator diet, hunger level, and size on predator avoidance and inspection behavior of mosquitofish Both predator diet and predator hunger level were significant and additive determinants of distance maintained from a predator, resulting in a graded response to combinations of these predator cues In contrast, whereas predator diet was the most important determinant of general avoidance distances, predator hunger level was more important in determining mosquitofish vertical distribution and inspection behavior Thus, the relationship between predator cue and the antipredator behavior that it elicits is dependent on which cues and behaviors are examined Our data suggest that during risky behaviors, such as predator inspection, mosquitofish rely mainly on visual cues (behavior differences between hungry and satiated predators), whereas general avoidance behavior is determined by additive responses from visual and chemical cues

Mark C. Belk

Papers

Complex interactions between native and invasive fish: the simultaneous effects of multiple negative interactions

Cost of reproduction, resource quality, and terminal investment in a burying beetle.

Bergmann's rule in ectotherms: a test using freshwater fishes.

Notes and Comments Bergmann's Rule in Ectotherms: A Test Using Freshwater Fishes

Risk assessment in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis): do multiple cues have additive effects?