Primordialist and constructivist authors have debated the nature of ethnicity “as such” and therefore failed to explain why its characteristics vary so dramatically across cases, displaying different degrees of social closure, political salience, cultural distinctiveness, and historical stability. The author introduces a multilevel process theory to understand how these characteristics are generated and transformed over time. The theory assumes that ethnic boundaries are the outcome of the classificatory struggles and negotiations between actors situated in a social field. Three characteristics of a field—the institutional order, distribution of power, and political networks—determine which actors will adopt which strategy of ethnic boundary making. The author then discusses the conditions under which these negotiations will lead to a shared understanding of the location and meaning of boundaries. The nature of this consensus explains the particular characteristics of an ethnic boundary. A final section i...

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The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory 1

A section for the review of books is a regular feature 0fLandscape Journal. The opinions and ideas expressed in the reviews are those of the reviewers and do not necessarily depict the views of the Journal’s editors or the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture. Suggestions for books to be reviewed are always welcome, as are comments regarding the reviews published. All correspondence should be sent to the Book Review editors:

Landscape and memory

Blending fine-grained case studies with overarching theory, this book seeks both to integrate Southeast Asia into world history and to rethink much of Eurasia's premodern past. It argues that Southeast Asia, Europe, Japan, China, and South Asia all embodied idiosyncratic versions of a Eurasian-wide pattern whereby local isolates cohered to form ever larger, more stable, more complex political and cultural systems. With accelerating force, climatic, commercial, and military stimuli joined to produce patterns of linear-cum-cyclic construction that became remarkably synchronized even between regions that had no contact with one another. Yet this study also distinguishes between two zones of integration, one where indigenous groups remained in control and a second where agency gravitated to external conquest elites. Here, then, is a fundamentally original view of Eurasia during a 1,000-year period that speaks to both historians of individual regions and those interested in global trends.

Strange parallels : Southeast Asia in global context, c 800-1830

China’s long-term economic dynamics pose a formidable challenge to economic historians. The Qing Empire (1644 –1911), the world’ s largest national economy before 1800, experienced a tripling of population during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with no signs of diminishing per capita income. While the timing remains in dispute, a vast gap emerged between newly rich industrial nations and China’s lagging economy in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. Only with an unprecedented growth spurt beginning in the late 1970s did this great divergence separating China from the global leaders substantially diminish, allowing China to regain its former standing among the world’s largest economies. This essay develops an integrated framework for understanding that entire history, including both the divergence and the recent convergent trend. We explain how deeply embedded political and economic institutions that contributed to a long process of extensive growth before 1800 subsequently prevented China from capturing the benefits associated with the Industrial Revolution. During the twentieth century, the gradual erosion of these historic constraints and of new obstacles erected by socialist planning eventually opened the door to China’s current boom. Our analysis links China’s recent development to important elements of its past, while using recent success to provide fresh perspectives on the critical obstacles undermining earlier modernization efforts, and their eventual removal. (JEL N15, N45, O11, O47, P21, P24, P26)

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From Divergence to Convergence: Reevaluating the History behind China's Economic Boom

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.2.445a

Peter C. Perdue.China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.:China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.

List of maps and figures List of tables Preface Note on transcription and other conventions Qing reign periods Introduction: the problem with the Manchus Part I Structures of Eight Banner Society: 1 The eight banners and the origins of the Manchus 2 Manchu cities: tigers on the mountain 3 The emperor's men Part II Patterns of Banner Life: 4 The iron rice bowl of banner privilege 5 Among the Nikan 6 Resident aliens Part III The Cities of the Eighteenth Century: 7 Whither and manchu way? 8 Saving the banner system Conclusion Appendix Notes Chinese character glossary References Index

http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/bitstream/20.500.12235/77185/1/ntnulib_ja_B0304_0014_177.pdf

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

L'A. examine la transformation de la perception de la Mandchourie comme frontiere indifferenciee en une region geographique particuliere a l'epoque Qing. Mettant en evidence l'imaginaire geographique et les differentes approches de la dynastie Qing par rapport a cette zone frontaliere, il montre comment les differents points de vue adoptes ont genere une identite politique et geographique specifique pour cette region. Soutenant que cette invention de la Mandchourie, en tant que lieu, s'est operee des le 17 eme siecle, le pouvoir chinois mandchou identifiant ce territoire a la terre natale de la dynastie Qing, il explore, apres une introduction sur les ambiguites de la terminologie geographique, quatre moments historiques de ce processus : les visites imperiales ritualisees des Qing en territoire mandchou ; la description de la Mandchourie dans l'Ode a Mukden, poeme de l'empereur Qianlong ; la definition du statut administratif du territoire ; la cartographie. En conclusion, l'A. propose quelques reflexions sur l'instrumentalisation politique de la geographie en Asie et sur la relation entre l'identite spatiale des Qing et de la Chine moderne.

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The limits of Tartary: Manchuria in imperial and national geographies

The last few years have seen a vigorous public policy debate emerge over a “second-generation” ethnic policy (di’erdai minzu zhengce) which, if implemented, would constitute a major revision of ethnic politics in China. Despite the fact that nationalities policy is a notoriously sensitive subject within China, the debate is happening openly in newspapers, academic journals and on the Internet. The prominence accorded to anthropological theory and international comparison is a notable feature of the debate. This article first explores the main positions in the ongoing policy discussion, then goes on to argue that, rather than comparing China’s non-Han peoples to minority immigrant populations in the industrialized democracies, a better comparison is to indigenous peoples. It then considers why this perspective is completely missing from the present debate.

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The Case of the Missing Indigene: Debate Over a “Second-Generation” Ethnic Policy

http://nansha.schina.ust.hk/Article_DB/sites/default/files/pubs/Jour-05.1.B08.pdf

New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire

Author's Preface List of Maps and Illustrations Chapter 1. Emperor in the Making Chapter 2. Qianlong Takes Charge Chapter 3. Family, Ritual, and Dynastic Rule Chapter 4. The Dilemma of Manchu Success Chapter 5. The Peripatetic Sovereign Chapter 6. Building the Empire Chapter 7. Renaissance Man Chapter 8. Qing China and the World Chapter 9. Order and Decline in the Late Qianlong Era Conclusion. Son of Heaven, Man of the World Glossary/Pronunciation Key Timeline of the Qianlong Era Note on Sources Index

Mark C. Elliott

Papers

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

The limits of Tartary: Manchuria in imperial and national geographies

The Case of the Missing Indigene: Debate Over a “Second-Generation” Ethnic Policy

New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire

Emperor Qianlong: Son of Heaven, Man of the World