Educating Children with Autism

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The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation.

Pediatricians have an important role not only in early recognition and evaluation of autism spectrum disorders but also in chronic management of these disorders. The primary goals of treatment are to maximize the child's ultimate functional independence and quality of life by minimizing the core autism spectrum disorder features, facilitating development and learning, promoting socialization, reducing maladaptive behaviors, and educating and supporting families. To assist pediatricians in educating families and guiding them toward empirically supported interventions for their children, this report reviews the educational strategies and associated therapies that are the primary treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Optimization of health care is likely to have a positive effect on habilitative progress, functional outcome, and quality of life; therefore, important issues, such as management of associated medical problems, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic intervention for challenging behaviors or coexisting mental health conditions, and use of complementary and alternative medical treatments, are also addressed.

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Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis, Roger Bakeman, John M. Gottman. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1986), ixv, +221. Price £25.00 hardback, £7.95 paperback

Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies.

Important findings are often a balance between the rigor of the experimental design and innovativeness of the experimental question. One broad topic area that has received a great deal of discussion, but little empirical study, is the evaluation of educational systems. Experimental designs that permit the analysis of practices used by state education agencies, local education agencies, and schools have the potential for yielding socially significant findings that could improve education. In this article we discuss the use of nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs as an option for studying the activities and effects of educational programs. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs stagger the timing of baseline-to-intervention changes across various entities, but the baselines and intervention phases are not contemporaneous across each of the tiers. Although considered less rigorous than concurrent multiple baseline designs, nonconcurrent designs have a degree of flexibility that may allow for their use in studying complex social contexts, such as educational settings, that might otherwise go unanalyzed.

Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline Designs and the Evaluation of Educational Systems.

Impact of Treating Sleep Apnea in a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Polysomnographic phenotypes in developmental disabilities.

The current study examined the effects of video self modeling (VSM) on social initiations using a multiple baseline across participants experimental design. Three students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) watched videos of themselves engaged in typical, age appropriate social initiations prior to playtime with a triad of peers. A partial interval recording system was used to measure social initiations of students with ASD and typically developing peers. The percentage of intervals during which students with ASD exhibited play initiations increased to levels comparable to typically developing peers for all three participants. Two students with ASD demonstrated elevated levels of initiations during a maintenance probe conducted two weeks post-intervention. The efficiency of using VSM within a social skills curriculum, limitations of the current study, and future directions for VSM are discussed.

Increasing Recreational Initiations for Children Who Have ASD Using Video Self Modeling

People with developmental disabilities sleep less and experience higher incidence of clinical sleep disorders than the general population. Exploring the neurophysiology linking sleep with daytime performance in patients with developmental disabilities is now possible using minimally sufficient sleep and sleep-sensitive behavioral assays. Although frequent sampling represents the primary difficulty, it is required to untangle coincident effects of sleep quality amidst circadian variation. Recent evidence finds high quality sleep promotes brain plasticity, improves health measures, and enriches quality of life. Sleep treatments for apnea, insomnia, restless limbs, and conditioned sleep-aversion are available, although not readily provided, for people with developmental disabilities. This population would gain both clinical and behavioral benefits as improved sleep-monitoring, behavioral testing, and sleep-treatment technology is adapted to their needs.

Mark T. Harvey

Papers

Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline Designs and the Evaluation of Educational Systems.

Impact of Treating Sleep Apnea in a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Polysomnographic phenotypes in developmental disabilities.

Increasing Recreational Initiations for Children Who Have ASD Using Video Self Modeling

Sleep and Developmental Disabilities: Assessment, Treatment, and Outcome Measures.