Graduate employability has become a key driver for universities in Australia and the UK. In response to increasing pressure from governments and employer groups, universities have adopted a range of generic skill-based learning outcomes which, when embedded into degree programs, are expected to increase graduate employability and therefore improve graduate employment outcomes. In addition, many universities are now including internships, work placements and international study in their programmes with the aim of enhancing graduate employment prospects. This somewhat instrumental approach to graduate employability does not, however, take into account other critical factors. Drawing on the broader employability literature, this article develops a framework that incorporates six key dimensions – human capital, social capital, individual attributes, individual behaviours, perceived employability and labour market factors – to help explore and explain the concept of graduate employability.

Rethinking graduate employability: the role of capital, individual attributes and context

Purpose – While the global education debate remains focused on graduate skills and employability, the absence of a shared language between student, academic and industry stakeholder groups means that defining industry skills requirements is both essential and difficult. The purpose of this paper is to assess graduate skills requirements in a knowledge-intensive industry from a demand perspective as distinct from a curriculum (supply) viewpoint. Design/methodology/approach – Skills items were derived from a breadth of disciplines across academic, policy and industry literature. CEOs and senior managers in the innovation and commercialisation industry were surveyed regarding perceptions of skills in graduates and skills in demand by the firm. Two rounds of exploratory factor analyses were undertaken to examine employers’ perceptions of the skills gap. Findings – First-order analysis resolved ten broad constructs that represent cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal skills domains as applied in this indu...

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Employability skills: perspectives from a knowledge-intensive industry

Purpose




The purpose of this paper is to explore employer perceptions of graduate student employability. This study is novel since existing research focused on employability is largely theoretic, remains focused on defining employability of undergraduates and largely fails to determine employer perceptions of factors that increase or decrease employability of graduate students.




Design/methodology/approach




Using a two-phased approach, the authors analyzed 122 employer assessments of graduate students at a Canadian university who completed a work-term with the employer in either 2014 or 2015. The authors also collected individual data (e.g. academic achievement, work experience) from student files at the university. Phase 1 involved an exploratory factor analysis to derive factors influencing employer perceptions of employability. Phase 2 expand on factors identified in phase 1 through assessment of 153 written comments using a critical incident technique.




Findings




Phase 1 results demonstrate that professional maturity, soft skills + problem solving, continuous learning and academic achievement secure a positive relationship with employer perceptions of graduate employability. Phase 2 results indicate that employers consider generic skills (time management, working in a team, attention to detail), general mental ability, subject-specific knowledge, willingness to work, attitudes and behaviors, and responsiveness to feedback when assessing employability of graduate students.




Research limitations/implications




Collectively, the results of phase 1 and 2 provide a comprehensive awareness of the factors that employers consider when assessing employability of graduate students. Researcher, educational institution, and employer implications are presented.




Originality/value




The authors provide a holistic and empirically grounded understanding of employer perceptions of graduate student employability through reviewing quantitative and qualitative indicators of employability from the employer perspective.

An exploration of employer perceptions of graduate student employability

Purpose




Drawing on the overarching framework of social capital theory, the purpose of this paper is to develop and empirically examine networking behaviour and employability within the higher education context.




Design/methodology/approach




In a sample of 376 full-time business students the authors measured perceived employability, networking behaviour, access to information and resources and job-search learning goal orientation (JSLGO).




Findings




The authors found networking is related to increased internal and external perceived employability by boosting access to information and resources. The results also demonstrate that networking is positively related to access to information and resources for low and high JSLGO, the relationship being stronger for those with higher levels.




Research limitations/implications




The results provide an enriched view of individual networking behaviour by offering an indirect model of networking outcomes and to the graduate employability and social capital literatures.




Practical implications




The findings may provide focus for individuals concerned with enhancing their employability and those involved in supporting career guidance.




Originality/value




Obvious beneficiaries are students, for whom employment is a key concern, and universities who face increasing pressure to enhance graduate employability whilst resources to do so are diminishing. To this end the authors highlight activities that may develop networking behaviours and JSLGO.

Networking behaviour, graduate employability: a social capital perspective

Graduate employability has become an issue since there are broad mismatches between the acquired graduate skills from university and the required skills by employers. While previous researches have outlined the salient skills that need to be embedded in graduate education, to date no studies have attempted to methodically identify and synthesize the literature on graduate attributes. In this paper a total of 39 relevant studies on graduate skills and attributes in the subject areas of business and management, accounting, and computer science were extracted from Scopus® (database). This revealed a total of 53 graduate attributes, with some being highly used, such as communication, teamwork, problem solving, technological skills, creativity, interpersonal skills, leadership skills, self-management and flexibility/adaptability. The majority of studies used a quantitative survey method to collect and rank graduate attributes, and Australia emerged as the most active country in researching the domain.

Identifying the trends and impact of graduate attributes on employability: a literature review

Purpose – The current study was conducted to increase our understanding of factors that influence the employability of university graduates. Through the use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches, the paper explores the relative importance of 17 factors that influence new graduate employability.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of the existing literature was used to identify 17 factors that affect new graduate employability. A two‐phase, mixed‐methods study was conducted to examine: Phase One, whether these 17 factors could be combined into five categories; and Phase Two, the relative importance that employers place on these factors. Phase One involved interviewing 30 employers, and Phase Two consisted of an empirical examination with an additional 115 employers.Findings – Results from both the qualitative and quantitative phases of the current study demonstrated that 17 employability factors can be clustered into five higher‐order composite categories. In addition, findings illus...

An exploratory study of factors affecting undergraduate employability

<h3>Context:</h3> Primary care offers a unique opportunity to deliver chronic-illness care management to patients who smoke. This real-world pragmatic trial implemented electronic health record (EHR) prompts to facilitate proactive, repeated outreach and smoking cessation treatment to all adult patients who smoked cigarettes. Certified tobacco treatment specialists sent annual invitations to engage with cessation support to patients listed in the clinic’s smoking registry, offered aid in smoking cessation within a week after a primary care clinic visit to patients who neither addressed nor endorsed a willingness to quit, and provided ongoing support to patients who were making a quit attempt or attempting to reduce their smoking. <h3>Objective:</h3> This research examines the relative health care costs and benefits of a smoking cessation intervention that involves EHR-guided outreach and intervention by certified tobacco treatment specialists. <h3>Study Design:</h3> The intervention was implemented in 3 steps at 6 primary care clinics located in the Midwest using a stepped-wedge design. <h3>Analysis:</h3> Pre-post analysis compared intervention costs with benefits of increased treatment engagement, quit attempts, and successful smoking cessation, as well as acute health care use, including emergency department visits and hospitalization. Incremental cost-effectiveness was calculated based on staff time and resources used (including medications) relative to weighted individual pathways of pre-post smoking rates and health care costs for patients who smoked. <h3>Results:</h3> A total of 10,683 adults were on the smoking registry at the 6 participating clinics from January 2017 to February 2020. Cessation treatment rates increased from 12.9% pre-implementation to 24.0% post-implementation. Smoking cessation rates increased from 2.1% pre-implementation to 10.5% post-implementation. Total intervention cost was $11.28 per patient on the smoking registry per month post-implementation. Acute health care costs decreased from pre- to post-implementation by an average $42.65 per patient on the smoking registry per month. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $1,853 per person who quit smoking. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Implementation of a comprehensive and proactive EHR-enabled smoking cessation outreach and treatment program with certified tobacco treatment specialists is cost-effective in real-world primary care clinics. Reductions in acute health care cost could offset the smoking cessation intervention costs. 

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Mark Zehner

Papers

An exploratory study of factors affecting undergraduate employability

The Cost-Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Tobacco Treatment Intervention in Real-World Primary Care Clinics