Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

This project will deliver help to reduce the vulnerability of poor people in Haiti to the effects of climate change, while at the same time conserving threatened coastal and marine biodiversity. Investments in climateproofed and socially-sustainable BD conservation strategies, within the context of the National Protected Areas System (NPAS), will enable coastal and marine ecosystems to continue to generate Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) services; while additional investment of adaptation funds in the watersheds which drain into these ecosystems will serve to maximize BD benefits and ecosystem functions, as well as generating EBA benefits for the populations living in the watersheds themselves.

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The United Nations Development Programme

Anarchy, state, and utopia

Immigration controls are often presented by government as a means of ensuring ‘British jobs for British workers’ and protecting migrants from exploitation. However, in practice they can undermine labour protections. As well as a tap regulating the flow of labour, immigration controls function as a mould, helping to form types of labour with particular relations to employers and the labour market. In particular, the construction of institutionalised uncertainty, together with less formalised migratory processes, help produce ‘precarious workers’ over whom employers and labour users have particular mechanisms of control.

Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers:

This paper examines the relationship between the number and rights of low-skilled migrant workers in high-income countries. It identifies a trade-off: Countries with large numbers of low-skilled migrant workers offer them relatively few rights, while smaller numbers of migrants are typically associated with more rights. We discuss the number-vs.-rights trade-off in theory and practice as an example of competing goods, raising the question of whether numbers of migrants or rights of migrants should get higher priority. There is no easy or universal answer, but avoiding an explicit discussion of the issue – as has been done in recent guest worker debates – can obscure an important policy choice.

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Numbers vs. Rights: Trade-Offs and Guest Worker Programs1

This report explores the employment experiences of migrants from East
and Central Europe, and reviews employer demand for their labour.
The research took advantage of the accession of ten new countries to the
European Union on 1 May 2004 to explore the consequences of granting EU
citizens’ rights to migrants in the UK. It describes the perceptions and
experiences of the employment of migrants from four new member states (the
Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland and Lithuania) working in low-wage
occupations. Sectors of the UK economy selected were agriculture,
construction, hospitality, and the au pair sector. It examines employers’
recruitment practices and why they hire migrant labour; in particular, what the
perceived advantages of migrant labour are. The report also discusses the
Workers’ Registration Scheme. The research surveyed and interviewed over a
thousand workers and employers before and after EU enlargement.

Fair Enough? Central and East European Migrants in Low-Wage Employment in the UK

Many low-income countries and development organizations are calling for greater liberalization of labor immigration policies in high-income countries. At the same time, human rights organizations and migrant rights advocates demand more equal rights for migrant workers. The Price of Rights shows why you cannot always have both.

	Examining labor immigration policies in over forty countries, as well as policy drivers in major migrant-receiving and migrant-sending states, Martin Ruhs finds that there are trade-offs in the policies of high-income countries between openness to admitting migrant workers and some of the rights granted to migrants after admission. Insisting on greater equality of rights for migrant workers can come at the price of more restrictive admission policies, especially for lower-skilled workers. Ruhs advocates the liberalization of international labor migration through temporary migration programs that protect a universal set of core rights and account for the interests of nation-states by restricting a few specific rights that create net costs for receiving countries.

	The Price of Rights analyzes how high-income countries restrict the rights of migrant workers as part of their labor immigration policies and discusses the implications for global debates about regulating labor migration and protecting migrants. It comprehensively looks at the tensions between human rights and citizenship rights, the agency and interests of migrants and states, and the determinants and ethics of labor immigration policy.

The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration

This paper explores the nature and determinants of illegality in migrant labour markets. It conceptualises the various legal ‘spaces of (il)legality’ in the employment of migrants, and explores the perceptions and functions of these spaces from the points of view of migrants, employers, and the state. Our theoretical approach goes beyond the notion that illegality is ‘produced’ by the state, and recognises the agency that some migrants and employers have vis-a-vis the state's migration frameworks. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative interviews with East European migrants and employers in the UK, and analysis of the UK government's policies, rhetoric, and enforcement, we find that migrants, employers, and the state all recognise the distinctions between different types of illegality, and their differentiated impacts. In particular, semi-compliance – which we define as the employment of migrants who are legally resident but working in violation of the employment restrictions attached to their immigration status – is a distinct and contested space of (il)legality that serves important functions. It allows employers and migrants to maximize economic benefits from employment while minimizing the threat of state sanctions for violations of immigration law. Semi-compliance exists, and is likely to persist, in part because it constitutes an equilibrium, which we show, serves the interests of migrants and employers and in practice is difficult for the state to control. We expect these findings for the UK to be of relevance to many other high-income countries, which like the UK, consider migrants both as an important source of flexible labour and yet as subjects of immigration control whose employment needs to be closely monitored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Semi-compliance and illegality in migrant labour markets: an analysis of migrants, employers and the state in the UK

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Martin Ruhs

Papers

Numbers vs. Rights: Trade-Offs and Guest Worker Programs1

Fair Enough? Central and East European Migrants in Low-Wage Employment in the UK

The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration

Semi-compliance and illegality in migrant labour markets: an analysis of migrants, employers and the state in the UK

The potential of temporary migration programmes in future international migration policy