List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 PART I: VETO PLAYERS THEORY 17 One: Individual Veto Players 19 Two: Collective Veto Players 38 PART II: VETO PLAYERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 65 Three: Regimes: Nondemocratic, Presidential, and Parliamentary 67 Four: Governments and Parliaments 91 Five: Referendums 116 Six: Federalism, Bicameralism, and Qualified Majorities 136 PART III: POLICY EFFECTS OF VETO PLAYERS 161 Seven: Legislation 165 Eight: Macroeconomic Policies 187 PART IV: SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF VETO PLAYERS 207 Nine: Government Stability 209 Ten: Judiciary and Bureaucracies 222 Eleven: Veto Players Analysis of European Union Institutions 248 Conclusion 283 Bibliography 291 Index 309

Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work

Introduction: Explaining the EU Political System PART I: GOVERNMENT Executive Politics Legislative Politics Judicial Politics PART II: POLITICS Public Opinion Democracy, Parties and Elections Interest Representation PART III: POLICY-MAKING Regulation of the Single Market Expenditure Policies Economic and Monetary Union Citizen Freedom and Security Policies Foreign Policies Conclusions: Rethinking the European Union Appendix: Decision-making Procedures of the European Union Bibliography

The political system of European Union

Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment

With the European Parliament comprising politicians from many different countries, cultures, languages, national parties and institutional backgrounds, one might expect politics in the Parliament to be highly-fragmented and unpredictable. By studying more than 12,000 recorded votes between 1979 and 2004 this 2007 book establishes that the opposite is in fact true: transnational parties in the European Parliament are highly cohesive and the classic 'left-right' dimension dominates voting behaviour. Furthermore, the cohesion of parties in the European Parliament has increased as the powers of the Parliament have increased. The authors suggest that the main reason for these developments is that like-minded MEPs have incentives to form stable transnational party organizations and to use these organizations to compete over European Union policies. They suggest that this is a positive development for the future of democratic accountability in the European Union.

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Democratic Politics in the European Parliament

The complexity and diversity of European interest politics is exem- plie ed by the multitude of channels and targets that private actors use to lobby in the EU multi-level system. The aim of this article is to investigate the logic behind the apparent ad hoc lobbying behaviour of private interests. A theoretical framework is developed in order to explain the access of business interests to the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. The degree of access to these institutions is explained in terms of a theory of demand and supply of access goods. Access goods concern information that is crucial in the EU policy-making process. In order to gain access to an EU institution, business interests have to provide the access good(s) demanded by that institution. Organizational form is introduced as the innovative unit of analysis. It follows that associative business action is unconventionally studied in relation to two other organizational forms: individual company action and third- party representation.

Corporate lobbying in the European Union: the logic of access

The Council in the EU's institutional framework the Council, members, rules, etc the Presidency COREPER: Council-Commission relationship Council-Parliament relationship internal procedures the General Secretariat other intergovernmental mechanisms Maastricht.

The Council of the European Union

Part I The European Parliament in context: the paradigm of parliamentary democracy - decline, persistence and renewal the coalescence of European integration and the role of parliamentary assemblies the institutional context the European Parliament's relations with the other Community Institutions the European Parliament and the National Parliaments the broader context. Part 2 The electoral link: European citizenship the right to vote and to stand as a candidate direct elections uniform elections the current diversity the numbers and distribution of members consituency boundaries in the United Kingdom. Part III The powers of the European Parliament: the power of dismissal (the censure motion) the power of appointment (consultation) budgetary powers legislative powers external powers economic and monetary union justice and home affairs parliament's other scrutiny and supervisory powers the power of expression and debate. Part 4 The politics of the European Parliament: parliament's structure parliament's method parliaments's political agenda parliament's future. Part 5 The 1994 European elections.

A modern guide to the European Parliament

Part I The conceptual terrain and parliamentary coalescence. Part II Career types, membership profiles, careers, Strasbourg and Westminster. Part III European career pathways? The parliamentary hierarchy, the assignment processes, the consequences. Part IV Changing attitudes to institutional reform. Part V Overall conclusions. Annexes: Committee assignments, 1979-1992, of the 30 "survivors" voting records of the 30 "survivors" on the 14 resolutions.

Britain's Emerging Euro-Elite?: The British in the Directly-Elected European Parliament, 1979-1992

Introduced with a preface by Jacques Delors, this volume offers new insights and develops generalised theories about the nature of European integration. The contributors step back from the detail of the latest intergovernmental conference and budgetary negotiations to generate conclusions of enduring value. The issues dealt with include the following: * Britain and integration * intergovernmental conferences * the rule of law * making foreign policy work * the democratic deficit.

The European Union beyond Amsterdam : new concepts of European integration

Authors and Contributors - Acknowledgements - Contents - List of Tables - List of Illustrations - Background - 1989-94 - Framework - Conservative Party - Labour Party - Liberal Democrats and Others - National Campaign - Campaign in the Regions - Outcome and Consequences - Questions - Statistical Appendix - Bibliography - Index

Martin Westlake

Papers

The Council of the European Union

A modern guide to the European Parliament

Britain's Emerging Euro-Elite?: The British in the Directly-Elected European Parliament, 1979-1992

The European Union beyond Amsterdam : new concepts of European integration

British Politics and European Elections, 1994