Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being. This concept of needs leads to the hypotheses that different regulatory processes underlying goal pursuits are differentially associated with effective functioning and well-being and also that different goal contents have different relations to the quality of behavior and mental health, specifically because different regulatory processes and different goal contents are associated with differing degrees of need satisfaction. Social contexts and individual differences that support satisfaction of the basic needs facilitate natural growth processes including intrinsically motivated behavior and integration of extrinsic motivations, whereas those that forestall autonomy, competence, or relatedness are associated with poorer motivation, performance, and well-being. We also discuss the relation of the psychological needs to cultural values, evolutionary processes, and other contemporary motivation theories.

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The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior

The study of decision making spans such varied fields as neuroscience, psychology, economics, statistics, political science, and computer science. Despite this diversity of applications, most decisions share common elements including deliberation and commitment. Here we evaluate recent progress in understanding how these basic elements of decision formation are implemented in the brain. We focus on simple decisions that can be studied in the laboratory but emphasize general principles likely to extend to other settings.

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The Neural Basis of Decision Making

What are the neural bases of action understanding? Although this capacity could merely involve visual analysis of the action, it has been argued that we actually map this visual information onto its motor representation in our nervous system. Here we discuss evidence for the existence of a system, the 'mirror system', that seems to serve this mapping function in primates and humans, and explore its implications for the understanding and imitation of action.

Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action.

Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.

Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation

'Discovering' chronic illness: using grounded theory

Phenomenology of Perception

This document has been scanned using character reading software to make the text searchable. However, this is not 100% accurate. You will find that some words have not been recognised correctly. If you want to copy some of the text into another document, compare it to the original to ensure accuracy. Sirs I have the honour to present the report of the Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology established in July 1982 to examine the social, ethical and legal implications of recent, and potential developments in the field of human assisted reproduction. The task you set the Inquiry was not an easy one. The issues raised reflect fundamental moral, and often religious, questions which have taxed philosophers and others down the ages. Rightly you chose a membership which encompassed not only the many professions with a concern in these matters but the many religious traditions within society, so that as many viewpoints as possible could be brought to bear on the morally sensitive issues before us. I would like to take this opportunity to place on record my gratitude to all the members of the Inquiry for their hard work, their enthusiasm and commitment, and more especially for the way they have brought their own values to the consideration of the problems before us and yet at the same time have been open and responsive to the attitudes and beliefs of others. 1 am also grateful for the way in which we have been able to share our professional expertise, a process which I am sure has enhanced the report, by helping us to see the problems in a broader perspective. Despite the way in which members have worked together, there remain nonetheless certain differences between us; indeed it would have been surprising if, on such sensitive issues, we had been united. These differences, presented in three formal expressions of dissent have, significantly, focussed on the very subjects, surrogacy and research on human embryos, which, to judge from the evidence, arouse the greatest public anxiety. Thus even in our disagreement we have reflected the range of views within society. It is not possible that a report like this should be equally well received in all quarters, given some of the controversial issues we have had to consider. There is bound to be criticism that we have gone too far, or not far enough. However, we have sought to …

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Report of the Committee of Inquiry into human fertilisation and embryology

Series Editor's Preface - Key Debates in Educational Policy Foreword by Lorella Terzi Part I - Special Educational Needs by Mary Warnock Part II - A Response to Special Educational Needs by Brahm Norwich Afterword by Lorella Terzi Index.

Special Educational Needs: A New Look

Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary.

# Informed consent in medical research {#article-title-2}

In the issue of 12 April 1997 the BMJ invited comment on the acceptable limits of informed consent in medical studies. In view of the large correspondence this generated, we invited the two original commentators, Len Doyal and Jeffrey Tobias, to revisit the subject. We also invited comments from three people who are not doctors, researchers, or medical ethicists: two of them represent the views of patients and potential patients

# Informed consent—a response to recent correspondence {#article-title-3}

Editorial by Smith and Personal views pp 1026-7 

The publication of the debate between myself and Jeffrey Tobias about the acceptable limits of informed consent in medical research has generated an immense and varied number of letters to the BMJ .1–4 This in itself is gratifying, whether or not correspondents agree with my arguments. It provides ample evidence of widespread and serious deliberation about the moral boundaries of the rights of participants in research.



Previous articles and comment on informed consent are available on our website (see Collections)



Many correspondents either explicitly or implicitly endorse the hard line that I take in my paper on the right of competent people to an acceptable level of information before agreeing to participate in medical research. Other contributions confirm my emphasis on the moral importance of the principle of informed consent but, in light of the highly specific circumstances where I argue that the principle must be qualified, question the degree or clarity of my own commitment to it. What is important here is our shared belief in the moral imperative of respecting human autonomy in almost all circumstances.

I still disagree with those authors who argue that it is not necessary to obtain informed consent if this will lead to the methodological compromise, or possible cancellation, of potentially beneficial studies involving clinical interventions that carry minimal risks. What these …

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Mary Warnock

Papers

Phenomenology of Perception

Report of the Committee of Inquiry into human fertilisation and embryology

Special Educational Needs: A New Look

Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary.

Informed consent in medical research