Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%-20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. Clinical manifestations include oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hirsutism, and frequently infertility. Risk factors for PCOS in adults includes type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Insulin resistance affects 50%-70% of women with PCOS leading to a number of comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and diabetes. Studies show that women with PCOS are more likely to have increased coronary artery calcium scores and increased carotid intima-media thickness. Mental health disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and binge eating disorder also occur more frequently in women with PCOS. Weight loss improves menstrual irregularities, symptoms of androgen excess, and infertility. Management of clinical manifestations of PCOS includes oral contraceptives for menstrual irregularities and hirsutism. Spironolactone and finasteride are used to treat symptoms of androgen excess. Treatment options for infertility include clomiphene, laparoscopic ovarian drilling, gonadotropins, and assisted reproductive technology. Recent data suggest that letrozole and metformin may play an important role in ovulation induction. Proper diagnosis and management of PCOS is essential to address patient concerns but also to prevent future metabolic, endocrine, psychiatric, and cardiovascular complications.

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Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is of clinical and public health importance as it is very common, affecting up to one in five women of reproductive age. It has significant and diverse clinical implications including reproductive (infertility, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism), metabolic (insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adverse cardiovascular risk profiles) and psychological features (increased anxiety, depression and worsened quality of life). Polycystic ovary syndrome is a heterogeneous condition and, as such, clinical and research agendas are broad and involve many disciplines. The phenotype varies widely depending on life stage, genotype, ethnicity and environmental factors including lifestyle and bodyweight. Importantly, PCOS has unique interactions with the ever increasing obesity prevalence worldwide as obesity-induced insulin resistance significantly exacerbates all the features of PCOS. Furthermore, it has clinical implications across the lifespan and is relevant to related family members with an increased risk for metabolic conditions reported in first-degree relatives. Therapy should focus on both the short and long-term reproductive, metabolic and psychological features. Given the aetiological role of insulin resistance and the impact of obesity on both hyperinsulinaemia and hyperandrogenism, multidisciplinary lifestyle improvement aimed at normalising insulin resistance, improving androgen status and aiding weight management is recognised as a crucial initial treatment strategy. Modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of initial body weight has been demonstrated to improve many of the features of PCOS. Management should focus on support, education, addressing psychological factors and strongly emphasising healthy lifestyle with targeted medical therapy as required. Monitoring and management of long-term metabolic complications is also an important part of routine clinical care. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines are needed to aid early diagnosis, appropriate investigation, regular screening and treatment of this common condition. Whilst reproductive features of PCOS are well recognised and are covered here, this review focuses primarily on the less appreciated cardiometabolic and psychological features of PCOS.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan

While many women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are overweight, obese or centrally obese, the effect of excess weight on the outcomes of PCOS is inconsistent. The review aimed to assess the effects of overweight, obesity and central obesity on the reproductive, metabolic and psychological features of PCOS. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PSYCINFO were searched for studies reporting outcomes according to body mass index categories or body fat distribution. Data were presented as mean difference or risk ratio (95% confidence interval). This review included 30 eligible studies. Overweight or obese women with PCOS had decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), increased total testosterone, free androgen index, hirsutism, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index and worsened lipid profile. Obesity significantly worsened all metabolic and reproductive outcomes measured except for hirsutism when compared to normal weight women with PCOS. Overweight women had no differences in total testosterone, hirsutism, total-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared to normal weight women and no differences in SHBG and total testosterone compared to obese women. Central obesity was associated with higher fasting insulin levels. These results suggest that prevention and treatment of obesity is important for the management of PCOS.

The effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by white adipose tissue, is known for its involvement in obesity-related disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Moreover, modulation of the circulating adiponectin concentration is observed in pathologies that are more or less obesity-related, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The wide distribution of adiponectin receptors in various organs and tissues suggests that adiponectin has pleiotropic effects on numerous physiological processes. Besides its well-known insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic properties, accumulating evidence suggests that adiponectin may also have anticancer properties and be cardioprotective. A beneficial effect of adiponectin on female reproductive function was also suggested. Since adiponectin has numerous beneficial biological functions, its use as a therapeutic agent has been suggested. However, the use of adiponectin or its receptors as therapeutic targets is complicated by the presence of different adiponectin oligomeric isoforms and production sites, by multiple receptors with differing affinities for adiponectin isoforms, and by cell-type-specific effects in different tissues. In this review, we discuss the known and potential roles of adiponectin in various tissues and pathologies. The therapeutic promise of administration of adiponectin and the use of its circulating levels as a diagnostic biomarker are further discussed based on the latest experimental studies.

Adiponectin action from head to toe

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may be the commonest cause of female infertility. In addition to anovulation, early pregnancy loss, and later complications of pregnancy, obesity-which is common in women with PCOS-has been implicated. Small-scale trials suggest that treatment with an insulin sensitizer such as metformin, alone or combined with clomiphene citrate, is at least equal to, and possibly superior to clomiphene alone as treatment for infertility. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated both of these agents, alone and combined, in 626 infertile women diagnosed as having PCOS. Extended-release metformin was given in a maximum dose of 1 gm daily, and clomiphene concurrently in a dose of 50 mg daily, starting on menstrual day 3. The dose of clomiphene was doubled if necessary. Treatment continued for up to six cycles over 30 weeks. Baseline variables were similar in all treatment groups. Rates of live birth were 22.5% in clomiphene-treated patients, 7.2% with metformin therapy, and 26.8% with combination therapy. The differences between the metformin group and the clomiphene and combined treatment groups were significant. Combined therapy was not significantly more effective than clomiphene alone. Similar results were obtained when adjusting for body mass index. Among secondary outcomes, ovulation rates were significantly higher with combined treatment than in either of the single-drug groups, but this did not translate into increased live births. Rates of conception and of live births per ovulatory cycle were significantly higher in the clomiphene and combined drug groups than with metformin alone. There were no multiple pregnancies in the metformin group. There were no notable group differences in rates of first-trimester pregnancy loss. Compared to metformin-treated women, those given clomiphene or combined therapy had significant increases in sex hormone-binding globulin levels and decreased free androgen indices. Serious adverse events-mostly pregnancy complications-were most frequent in the clomiphene and combined treatment groups. Gastrointestinal side effects were more frequent, and vasomotor and ovulatory symptoms less frequent, in the metformin group than in the clomiphene group. These findings fail to support the view that extended-release metformin, alone or combined with clomiphene citrate, improves live birth rates in previously infertile women with PCOS. Clomiphene alone seems preferable as first-line treatment for these patients despite a risk of multiple births. Combining the two drugs does not further increase the chances of a live birth.

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Maryse Brassard

Papers

Basic infertility including polycystic ovary syndrome.

Conceptos básicos sobre infertilidad, incluido el síndrome de poliquistosis ovárica