The recent advances in nanotechnology and the corresponding increase in the use of nanomaterials in products in every sector of society have resulted in uncertainties regarding environmental impacts. The objectives of this review are to introduce the key aspects pertaining to nanomaterials in the environment and to discuss what is known concerning their fate, behavior, disposition, and toxicity, with a particular focus on those that make up manufactured nanomaterials. This review critiques existing nanomaterial research in freshwater, marine, and soil environments. It illustrates the paucity of existing research and demonstrates the need for additional research. Environmental scientists are encouraged to base this research on existing studies on colloidal behavior and toxicology. The need for standard reference and testing materials as well as methodology for suspension preparation and testing is also discussed.

Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects

This Account reviews our main achievements in the field of excited-state properties of fullerene derivatives. The photosensitizing and electron-acceptor features of some relevant classes of functionalized fullerene materials are highlighted, considering the impact of functionalization on fullerene characteristics. In addition, the unique optimization in terms of redox potentials, water-solubility, and singlet oxygen generation is presented for several novel fullerene-based materials.

Excited-state properties of C(60) fullerene derivatives.

Fullerene derivatives: an attractive tool for biological applications

This chapter is an update of the data on substrates, reactions, inducers, and inhibitors of human CYP enzymes published previously by Rendic and DiCarlo (1), now covering selection of the literature through 2001 in the reference section. The data are presented in a tabular form (Table 1) to provide a framework for predicting and interpreting the new P450 metabolic data. The data are formatted in an Excel format as most suitable for off-line searching and management of the Web-database. The data are presented as stated by the author(s) and in the case when several references are cited the data are presented according to the latest published information. The searchable database is available either as an Excel file (for information contact the author), or as a Web-searchable database (Human P450 Metabolism Database, www.gentest.com) enabling the readers easy and quick approach to the latest updates on human CYP metabolic reactions.

Summary of information on human cyp enzymes: human p450 metabolism data

Fullerene research in biological systems has been hindered by the compound's relative insolubility in water. However, C60 molecules can be made to aggregate, forming stable fullerene water suspensions (FWS) whose properties differ from those of bulk solid C60. There are many different protocols for making FWS. This paper explores four of these methods and establishes the antibacterial activity of each resulting suspension, including a suspension made without intermediary solvents. The aggregates in each polydisperse suspension were separated by size using differential centrifugation and tested for antibacterial activity using Bacillus subtilis as a test organism. All suspensions exhibited relatively strong antibacterial activity. Fractions containing smaller aggregates had greater antibacterial activity, although the increase in toxicity was disproportionately higher than the associated increase in putative surface area. This suggests the need for improved understanding of the behavior of FWS towards orga...

Antibacterial Activity of Fullerene Water Suspensions: Effects of Preparation Method and Particle Size†

Inhibition ofE. coli growth by fullerene derivatives and inhibition mechanism

We have already reported that the quinol formation from some para-alkylphenols, which is a novel metabolic pathway catalyzed by cytochrome P-450, occurs in a rat liver microsomal system (). In the present study, we investigated whether estrone and 17beta-estadiol, each of which contains a p-alkylphenol moiety, are also oxidized into the corresponding quinols by cytochrome P-450. Six recombinant human cytochrome P-450 enzymes, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4, were tested. The results show that estrone and 17beta-estadiol were converted into the corresponding quinols by CYP1A1, CYP2B6, and CYP2E1.

Novel Metabolic Pathway of Estrone and 17β-Estradiol Catalyzed by Cytochrome P-450

Fullerene derivatives which have carboxylic acid moiety effectively inhibited glutathione reductase activity. Preincubation of the reductase and fullerene derivative at 37°C enhanced the inhibition activity.

Inhibitory effect of fullerene derivatives on glutathione reductase

An NO radical measuring method comprising the steps of mixing a test sample solution containing NO radicals with hydrogen peroxide or an analogous substance thereto and luminol or an analogous substance thereto, and measuring the intensity of chemiluminescence. The method enables a trace amount of NO radical to be measured with accuracy and in real time. An apparatus used for this method is also disclosed.

No radical measuring method and apparatus

NEW MATERIAL:The tris[2-(2-pyridylmethyl)aminoethyl]amine-iron complex of formula I or N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine-iron complex of formula II USE: Useful as an active oxygen eliminating agent It is prepared in the form of drug preferably by including in a fat globule to effect the transfer of the drug to the desired cell part and eliminate the inflammation-causing active oxygen at the site Concrete symptoms against which the subject compound is effective are chronic rheumatism, collagen diseases, arteriosclerosis, radiation injury, etc PREPARATION: The compound of formula I can be produced eg, by heating 2-pyridinocarbaldehyde and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine in argon gas stream in methanol in the absence of molecular sieve, adding sodium borohydride and forming a complex with the resultant compound and ferric chloride COPYRIGHT: (C)1989,JPO&Japio

Masaaki Hirobe

Papers

Inhibition ofE. coli growth by fullerene derivatives and inhibition mechanism

Novel Metabolic Pathway of Estrone and 17β-Estradiol Catalyzed by Cytochrome P-450

Inhibitory effect of fullerene derivatives on glutathione reductase

No radical measuring method and apparatus

Ethylenediamine compound-iron complex