Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: a critical review.

Hydrogen energy became the most significant energy as the current demand gradually starts to increase. Hydrogen energy is an important key solution to tackle the global temperature rise. The key important factor of hydrogen production is the hydrogen economy. Hydrogen production technologies are commercially available, while some of these technologies are still under development. This paper reviews the hydrogen production technologies from both fossil and non-fossil fuels such as (steam reforming, partial oxidation, auto thermal, pyrolysis, and plasma technology). Additionally, water electrolysis technology was reviewed. Water electrolysis can be combined with the renewable energy to get eco-friendly technology. Currently, the maximum hydrogen fuel productions were registered from the steam reforming, gasification, and partial oxidation technologies using fossil fuels. These technologies have different challenges such as the total energy consumption and carbon emissions to the environment are still too high. A novel non-fossil fuel method [ammonia NH3] for hydrogen production using plasma technology was reviewed. Ammonia decomposition using plasma technology without and with a catalyst to produce pure hydrogen was considered as compared case studies. It was showed that the efficiency of ammonia decomposition using the catalyst was higher than ammonia decomposition without the catalyst. The maximum hydrogen energy efficiency obtained from the developed ammonia decomposition system was 28.3% with a hydrogen purity of 99.99%. The development of ammonia decomposition processes is continues for hydrogen production, and it will likely become commercial and be used as a pure hydrogen energy source.Hydrogen energy became the most significant energy as the current demand gradually starts to increase. Hydrogen energy is an important key solution to tackle the global temperature rise. The key important factor of hydrogen production is the hydrogen economy. Hydrogen production technologies are commercially available, while some of these technologies are still under de-velopment. This paper reviews the hydrogen production technologies from both fossil and non-fossil fuels such as (steam reforming, partial oxidation, auto thermal, pyrolysis, and plasma technology). Additionally, water elec-trolysis technology was reviewed. Water electrolysis can be combined with the renewable energy to get eco-friendly technology. Currently, the maximum hydrogen fuel productions were registered from the steam reforming, gasification, and partial oxidation technologies using fossil fuels. These technologies have different challenges such as the total energy consumption and carbon emissions to the environment are still too high. A novel non-fossil fuel method [ammonia NH3] for hydrogen production using plas-ma technology was reviewed. Ammonia decomposition using plasma tech-nology without and with a catalyst to produce pure hydrogen was considered as compared case studies. It was showed that the efficiency of ammonia decomposition using the catalyst was higher than ammonia decomposition without the catalyst. The maximum hydrogen energy efficiency obtained from the developed ammonia decomposition system was 28.3% with a hy-drogen purity of 99.99%. The development of ammonia decomposition pro-cesses is continues for hydrogen production, and it will likely become com-mercial and be used as a pure hydrogen energy source.

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Hydrogen Production Technologies Overview

Renewable hydrogen production by alcohols reforming using plasma and plasma-catalytic technologies: challenges and opportunities.

Treatments of asbestos containing wastes.

The problem of the disposal of hazardous wastes has become very important in recent years. Plasma treatment is being developed and tested for incinerator ash, low level radioactive wastes, industrial and biomedical wastes, etc. by industrial companies and municipalities world wide. In this paper, the principles are discussed and examples of waste treatment such as fly ash, asbestos, aluminum, municipal wastes, low level nuclear wastes, etc. by using DC arc discharge plasma are shown.

Treatment of waste by DC arc discharge plasmas

Hazardous wastes such as fly ash and asbestos can be melted by plasma treatment to convert them into blocks of vitrified slag resulting in a volume reduction by 49 to 65%. Vitrified slag of fly ash containing such heavy metals as Zn, Cu, and Fe has an extremely high resistance to water. Electric conductivity of the elution of 18.8 g of slag in 700 ml of distilled water is nearly the same as that of pure distilled water, being only about 0.1% of the electric conductivity of the solution of fly ash in distilled water. The surface of the molten asbestos becomes a hard shell without needlelike fibers, thus rendering asbestos safe for human health. As a result, plasma waste treatment can become a powerful tool for environmental protection. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(3): 73–82, 1999

Investigation of plasma treatment for hazardous wastes such as fly ash and asbestos

Ar torch plasma characteristics and its application to waste treatment

Hazardous wastes such as fly ash and asbestos can be melted by the plasma treatment, which become a block of glassified slag and those volume decreases sharply by 49_??_65% from the original volume. Glassified slag of the fly ash including heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Fe and so on has an extremely good water-proof capability. The electric conductivity of the solution of 18.8g slag in 700ml distilled water is nearly as same as that of the pure distilled water, being only about 0.1% of the electric conductivity of the solution of the fly ash in the distilled water. The molten asbesto surface becomes a hard skin without needle-like fibers, which has no influence on the human health. As a result, the plasma treatment is very useful for the environmental preservation

Masayoshi Nagano

Papers

Investigation of plasma treatment for hazardous wastes such as fly ash and asbestos

Ar torch plasma characteristics and its application to waste treatment

Investigation of Plasma Treatment for Hazardous Wastes such as Fly Ash and Asbestos