With the emergence of mobile devices and digital medicine, wearable sensors have received tremendous recent attention across many applications related to monitoring the wearer’s conditions and surroundings. Existing wearable sensors commonly track the user’s mobility and vital signs (steps, heart rate, etc.). The recent introduction of non‐invasive chemical sensors, providing continuous monitoring of chemical markers in a non-invasive manner, fills major gaps in wearable sensor technology, as desired for a plethora of applications. This emerging and exciting area of on-body wearable chemical sensing represents a major transition away from common centralized laboratory-based analytical systems involving in-vitro test-tube assays of blood or urine. Such a major revolution has led to a variety of wearable chemical sensors that allow non-invasive continuous monitoring of many important analytes in biofluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid (ISF), instead of blood.

Wearable Chemical Sensors: Emerging Systems for On-Body Analytical Chemistry.

Self-powered biosensors (SPBs) based on enzymatic biofuel cells (EFCs) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their obvious advantages such as simple configuration and ease of miniaturization, and potential applications including clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, industrial process control, etc. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in SPBs, focusing on the use of EFC-SPBs as power sources in combination with microelectronic and electrochromic devices, and the applications of MFC-based SPBs as sensors for detecting toxicity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC). The efforts in, for example, boosting the energy, reducing the cost, and improving the sensing performance in terms of sensitivity, accuracy and dynamic detection range are discussed. Finally, future prospects for the development of MFC-based SPBs are presented.

Recent development of biofuel cell based self-powered biosensors

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7117/pdf

Review—Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Sensing Systems: Materials, Energy Sources, and Integrations

Wearable self-powered biosensors

In this paper, a flexible self-powered biosensor system integrated with the diaper was reported to detect the composition of urine. The system was powered by an enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC), which used the glucose in urine as fuel to generate electricity. The EBFC was assembled in a diaper and connected with a power management system (PMS) possessing a capacitor as an energy storage device to drive a light emitting diode (LED) flashing. The frequency of LED flicker was proportional to the charging speed of the capacitor, which was determined by the generated power of EBFC. Therefore, the flashing of LED enabled to indicate the glucose concentration in urine when someone was wearing the diaper with EBFC. The biosensor system composed of EBFC, PMS and LED, was a self-powered sensor system without external power and enabled to detect the glucose level in urine of diabetic patients. In the process of experiment, the power density of EBFC could be up to 220 μWcm−2 in 5 mM glucose solution. In the range of 1–5 mM, the flashing frequency of LED was proportional to the glucose concentration (r = 0.994). Uric acid and carbamide were added to the sensor as interferences, and the results showed that it had good anti-interference ability. Obviously, the self-powered biosensor hold the potential application to warn the urine glucose level of diabetic patients with urinary incontinence.

A wearable self-powered biosensor system integrated with diaper for detecting the urine glucose of diabetic patients

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Paper-based disk-type self-powered glucose biosensor based on screen-printed biofuel cell array

Sensitive electrochemical detection of L-Cysteine at a screen-printed diamond electrode

Sensitive electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin at screen-printed diamond electrodes

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(GMA)) bearing pendant glycidyl groups, grafted on the surface of MgO-templated carbon (MgOC), is useful for forming strong multipoint covalent bonds with amino fun...

Masayuki Itagaki

Papers

Paper-based disk-type self-powered glucose biosensor based on screen-printed biofuel cell array

Sensitive electrochemical detection of L-Cysteine at a screen-printed diamond electrode

Sensitive electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin at screen-printed diamond electrodes

Stable Immobilization of Enzyme on Pendant Glycidyl Group-Modified Mesoporous Carbon by Graft Polymerization of Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)

Electrochemical impedance analysis on positive electrode in lithium-ion battery with galvanostatic control