Measuring Disease A Review of Disease-specific Quality of Life Measurement Scales Measuring Disease A Review of Disease-specific Quality of Life Measurement Scales

Background and objective
Visible light (400–800 nm) at high intensity was previously found to kill bacteria that are frequently found in infected wounds, while low-power white light enhances bacterial proliferation. The phototoxic effect was found to involve induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the bacteria. The aim of the present study was to identify the most effective wavelengths in the visible range for inducing a bactericidal effect.

Experimental
ROS production in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as a function of wavelengths in the visible range (400–500, 500–800, 415, and 455 nm) was studied using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique. The phototoxicity of 415 and 455 nm light at different fluencies on the survival of S. aureus and E. coli was assessed by colony count of the bacteria following irradiation.

Results
ROS production following blue (400–500 nm) light illumination was found to be higher than that of red (500–800 nm). Within the blue range, light of 415 nm induced more ROS than 455 nm, which correlated with results obtained for the reduction in colony count of S. aureus and E. coli following illumination using equal intensities of these two wavelengths. At low fluencies, both 415 and 455 nm enhanced proliferation of S. aureus but reduced viability of E. coli.

Conclusion
Intense blue light, preferably at 415 nm, could be used for bacterial eradication. However, it should be noted that low intensity of visible light can be dangerous since it may promote proliferation of the microorganisms. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:467–472, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.

Visible light-induced killing of bacteria as a function of wavelength: implication for wound healing.

Introduction: Influenza is a viral infectious disease with frequent seasonal epidemics causing world-wide economical and social effects. Due to antigenic shifts and drifts of influenza virus, long-lasting vaccine has not been developed so far. The current annual vaccines and effective antiviral drugs are not available sufficiently. Therefore in order to prevent spread of infectious agents including viruses, antiseptics are considered by world health authorities. Small particles of silver have a long history as general antiseptic and disinfectant. Silver does not induce resistance in microorganisms and this ability in Nanosize is stronger. Materials and methods: The aim of this study was to determine antiviral effects of Nanosilver against influenza virus. TCID50 (50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) of the virus as well as CC50 (50% Cytotoxic Concentration) of Nanosilver was obtained by MTT (3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, Sigma) method. This compound was non-toxic to MDCK (Madin-Darbey Canin Kidney) cells at concentration up to 1 µg/ml. Effective minimal cytotoxic concentration and 100 TCID50 of the virus were added to the confluent cells. Inhibitory effects of Nanosilver on the virus and its cytotoxicity were assessed at different temperatures using Hemagglutination (HA) assay, RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction), and DIF (Direct Immunofluorescent). RT-PCR and free band densitometry software were used to compare the volume of the PCR product bands on the gel. Results and Discussion: In this study it was found that Nanosilver has destructive effect on the virus membrane glycoprotein knobs as well as the cells.

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In Vitro Antiviral Effect of "Nanosilver" on Influenza Virus

Visible light at high intensity was found to kill bacteria while low-power light in the visible and near infrared region enhances bacterial proliferation. The present review summarizes evidence demonstrating that the mechanism of visible light- bacteria interaction involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The ROS are photo induced by bacterial endogenous photosensitizers. Phototoxic effects were found to involve induction of high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the bacteria while low amounts of ROS may promote their proliferation. Intense blue light, preferably at 415nm, is better than red light for bacteria killing.

A possible mechanism for the bactericidal effect of visible light.

Relevant factors affecting microbial surface decontamination by pulsed light

Background and purpose: Health literacy can be defined as the ability to read, understand and act on health advice. The aim of this study was to determine health literacy and its relationship with medical adherence and health-related quality of life in diabetic community-residing elderly. Material and Methods: This descriptive- analytical study was conducted on 300 elderly diabetics (60 years old and older) who referred to health centers in Mashhad. Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling is used. Data were collected using Brief-TOFHLA health literacy, standardized health-related quality of life, HbA1c, BMI and MMAS medication adherence questionnaires. Furthermore, diet and exercise adherence questionnaire was developed by the researchers. Data analyses were done by using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), T-student test, and Pearson's correlation test using SPSS (Version 21). Results: In this study, 70% of elderly with diabetes had inadequate health literacy. Older adult with sufficient health literacy had a higher-quality of life. There was a significant relationship between health literacy and physical and psychological dimensions of quality of life (P 0.05). The individuals with adequate health literacy had significantly higher medication, diet and exercise adherence with lower HbA1c (P 0.05). Conclusion: According to the relationship between health literacy with medical adherence and elderly quality of life, there is a need to pay attention to health literacy in health promotion programs.

https://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-3439-en.pdf

Health Literacy and its Relationship with Medical Adherence and Health-Related Quality of Life in Diabetic Community-Residing Elderly

Low Level Light irradiation (LLLI) may proliferate cell growth at certain conditions during a set of photochemical reactions called biostimulation. However, phototoxic inhibitory reactions after irradiating natural or artificially inoculated cells are possible. The purpose of this study was to determine these effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Ar ion laser at 514 nm was used to determine the effect of various energy densities of green light on these bacteria. The most effective energy densities of Ar ion laser were chosen to irradiate both bacteria with He-Ne (633 nm) and SHG Nd:YAG (532 nm) lasers to compare the effect of red and green lights on the growth. Irradiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for both He-Ne and SHG Nd:YAG lasers in the presence of toluidine blue O or safranine O as photosensitizers was also studied. All energy densities of Ar ion laser showed a proliferative effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, SHG Nd:YAG and He-Ne lasers with chosen energy densities were again proliferating for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibitory for Staphylococcus aureus and SHG Nd:YAG was more effective than He-Ne in both cases. Irradiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of both photosensitizers led to the decrease of the cell population compared to the control.

Different Photoresponses of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 514, 532, and 633 nm Low Level Lasers In Vitro

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has high potential to inactivate a wide range of biologic agents and is one of several nonadditive technologies being studied The photoinactivation property of pulsed UV laser radiation (at wavelengths of 355 and 266 nm), used as an effective physical means to inactivate two typical microorganisms, prokaryotic (Escherichia coli K12) and eukaryotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with respect to dose and exposure times, was examined An E coli population of 16 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was inactivated with a dose of 167 J/cm2 energy at 355-nm wavelength However, E coli cells at higher concentrations were inactivated by only 98% using the same dose Interestingly, an E coli population of 2 × 107 CFU/ml was completely inactivated using only 042 J/cm2 at 266-nm wavelength (P ≤ 005) With respect to S cerevisiae, the results were similar to those of E coli irradiation considering that S cerevisiae is 100 times larger than E coli A dose of 167 J/cm2 completely inactivated an S cerevisiae population of 6 × 103 CFU/ml at 355-nm wavelength Exposure to 266-nm wavelength, with energy doses of 167, 0835, and 0167 J/cm2, successfully inactivated S cerevisiae populations of 3 × 106, 14 × 105, and 15 × 104 CFU/ml, respectively (P ≤ 005) In conclusion, compared with 355-nm wavelength, a pulsed UV laser at 266-nm wavelength inactivated a high titer of bacterial and yeast indicator standards suspended in phosphate-buffered saline-A

Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suspended in Phosphate-Buffered Saline-A Using 266- and 355-nm Pulsed Ultraviolet Light

Influenza is a viral respiratory pathogen responsible for frequent seasonal epidemics. There are currently three major human influenza viruses in global circulation namely A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B. The objective of this study was to determine the human influenza virus genotypes in Shiraz, the capital of the Fars province of Iran. Three hundred patients suspected with human influenza virus infection were enrolled in this survey (2004-2005). The throat samples were cultured and titrated by hemagglutination (HA) assay. Typing and subtyping were performed by an in-house developed multiplex RT-PCR. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis was carried out for HA gene. A total of 24 samples were found to be positive for human influenza virus infection, 17 H1N1 and 7 H3N2. These results were in agreement with the HI assay. The phylogenetic analysis results revealed that the Iranian H1N1 isolated were close to the A/New Caledonia/20/99 vaccine strain genetically and the Iranian H3N2 isolates were also related closely to the Fujian/411/021 and California/7/2004 vaccine strains. However, a slight genetic drift was found in these isolates. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that both influenza A subtypes A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 were dominant among Iranian patients in Shiraz during the 2004/5 winter season.

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza virus among Iranian patients in Shiraz, Iran.

Newcastle disease is one of the main concerns of poultry farmers. Detection of virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a great impact on control measures against the disease. In this study RT-PCR was optimized in high sensitivity in order to differentiate the virulent from non-virulent NDV isolates directly in tissue homogenates. The vaccinal NDV strain and known field isolates were tested by this technique. RT-PCR was performed using two sets of primers chosen from a section of the F gene. The PCR product was cloned in to a pTZ57R/T vector and sequenced. The sequence data confirmed the specificity of the test. Detection of viral virulence was determined based on the amplification of PCR products. The above optimized RT-PCR produce can be used to confirm the diagnosis of Newcastle disease within 24 hrs using RNA isolated directly from tissue homogenate or passaged in SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) embryonated eggs.

http://www.ijbiotech.com/article_6979_95eb4ebd74023dfa4c1b02673932a11a.pdf

Masoud Hosseini

Papers

Health Literacy and its Relationship with Medical Adherence and Health-Related Quality of Life in Diabetic Community-Residing Elderly

Different Photoresponses of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 514, 532, and 633 nm Low Level Lasers In Vitro

Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suspended in Phosphate-Buffered Saline-A Using 266- and 355-nm Pulsed Ultraviolet Light

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza virus among Iranian patients in Shiraz, Iran.

Differentiation of virulent and non-virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates using RT-PCR