THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

A review on hot stamping

Large-scale discrete element simulations, as well as a whole range of related problems, involve contact of a large number of separate bodies. In this context an efficient and robust contact detection algorithm is necessary. There has been a number of contact detection algorithms with total detection time (CPU time needed to detect all couples close to each other) proportional to Nln(N) (where N is the total number of separate bodies) reported in recent years.

In this work a contact detection algorithm with total detection time proportional to N is reported. The algorithm is termed NBS, which stands for no binary search. In other words, the proposed algorithm involves no binary search at any stage. In addition the performance of the algorithm in terms of total detection time is not influenced by packing density, while memory requirements are insignificant. The only limitation of the algorithm is its applicability to the systems comprising bodies of similar size. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

NBS contact detection algorithm for bodies of similar size

Investigation of the thermo-mechanical properties of hot stamping steels

The reach of tribology has expanded in diverse fields and tribology related research activities have seen immense growth during the last decade. This review takes stock of the recent advances in research pertaining to different aspects of tribology within the last 2 to 3 years. Different aspects of tribology that have been reviewed including lubrication, wear and surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology. This review attempts to highlight recent research and also presents future outlook pertaining to these aspects. It may however be noted that there are limitations of this review. One of the most important of these is that tribology being a highly multidisciplinary field, the research results are widely spread across various disciplines and there can be omissions because of this. Secondly, the topics dealt with in the field of tribology include only some of the salient topics (such as lubrication, wear, surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology) but there are many more aspects of tribology that have not been covered in this review. Despite these limitations it is hoped that such a review will bring the most recent salient research in focus and will be beneficial for the growing community of tribology researchers.

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A review of recent advances in tribology

Austenite decomposition during press hardening of a boron steel : Computer simulation and test

A new global search method for general contact systems is developed and implemented in the DYNA3D program, along with a recent contact interface algorithm. The concept of «position codes» for efficient global contact searching is presented. With the position code algorithm, the problem of sorting and searching in three dimensions is transformed to a process of sorting and searching within a one-dimensional array. The cost of contact searching is of the order of N log 2 N, where N is the number of nodes in the system. The proposed algorithms are uncomplicated and the implementation into any finite element code is straightforward

The position code algorithm for contact searching

In order to increase the accuracy of numerical simulations of the hot stamping process, an accurate and robust constitutive model is crucial. During the process, a hot blank is inserted into a tool ...

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0965-0393/15/2/007/pdf

Numerical implementation of a constitutive model for simulation of hot stamping

Finite element modelling and simulation is becoming an increasingly important tool in the development process for structural automotive components, manufactured using thermo-mechanical forming techniques. Accurate and reliable analysis of coupled thermo-mechanical processes requires efficient simulation tools as well as good quality and relevant material data, usually obtained by experimental testing of the mechanical and thermal properties. The work present in this paper concerns methods for obtaining and evaluating the mechanical properties, required for modelling the high-temperature forming of a high-strength boron-alloyed steel. The material data was obtained from high temperature compression tests and dilatometric measurements made using a Gleeble 1500 thermo-mechanical simulator. Two examples of finite element simulations using the data obtained are also presented. The first example is an isothermal finite element simulation of a thin-walled tubular beam subjected to high-temperature bending. The predicted press force showed acceptable agreement with experimental results in the initial part of the process. In the second example, a cylindrical specimen compressed during continuous cooling was simulated, and the press force and radial displacement were compared with experimental results. Again the simulations showed acceptable agreement with experimental results but indicated the need for further improvements in the simulation technology and methods used for material parameter evaluation.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0965-0393/10/3/303/pdf

Testing and evaluation of material data for analysis of forming and hardening of boron steel components

A thermal model based on explicit time integration is developed and implemented into the explicit finite element code DYNA3D to model simultaneous forming and quenching of thin-walled structures. A staggered approach is used for coupling the thermal and mechanical analysis, wherein each analysis is performed with different time step sizes. The implementation includes a thermal shell element with linear temperature approximation in the plane and quadratic in the thickness direction, and contact heat transfer. The material behaviour is described by a temperature-dependent elastic–plastic model with a non-linear isotropic hardening law. Transformation plasticity is included in the model. Examples are presented to validate and evaluate the proposed model. The model is evaluated by comparison with a one-sided forming and quenching experiment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mats Oldenburg

Papers

Austenite decomposition during press hardening of a boron steel : Computer simulation and test

The position code algorithm for contact searching

Numerical implementation of a constitutive model for simulation of hot stamping

Testing and evaluation of material data for analysis of forming and hardening of boron steel components

A finite element model for thermomechanical analysis of sheet metal forming