Legacies are persistent changes in natural systems resulting from human activities. Legacies that affect river ecosystems can result from human alterations outside of the river corridor, such as timber harvest or urbanization, or from alterations within the river corridor, including flow regulation, river engineering, and removal of large wood and beaver dams. Human alterations of river ecosystems have been occurring for thousands of years in some parts of the world and are now ubiquitous, yet both river scientists and the public may be unaware of the persistent effects of historical activities. Failure to recognize the legacy of historical activities that no longer occur can skew perceptions of river process and form and the natural range of variability in river ecosystems. Examples come from rivers of the Mid‐Atlantic Piedmont and the Pacific Northwest regions of the United States. Mid‐Atlantic Piedmont streams in which legacy sediment accumulated behind now‐abandoned mill dams experienced a complete transformation from wide, shallow, marshy valleys to sinuous rivers lined with tall cutbanks, but the existence and the cause of this river metamorphosis was not widely recognized until the first decade of the 21st century. Rivers of the Pacific Northwest from which large wood was removed have changed during the past century from spatially heterogeneous, multichannel systems closely connected to their floodplains via frequent channel avulsion and lateral migration to single‐thread channels with more homogeneous floodplains and less lateral connectivity. Again, this river metamorphosis has only been recognized within the past two decades. In each of these regional examples, river process and form have changed so substantially that the river ecosystems can be described as having assumed an alternative state. In these and many other examples, the alternative state provides lower levels of ecosystem services such as habitat, biodiversity, and attenuation of downstream fluxes of water, sediment, organic carbon, and nutrients. River management designed to enhance and restore these ecosystem services can be more effective if the continuing effects of these historical legacies are recognized. The grand scientific challenges resulting from historical human alterations of river ecosystems include the following: (1) to recognize the existence of a legacy that continues to affect river ecosystem process and form; (2) to understand the source of the legacy with respect to chronology, type, spatial extent, and intensity of human activities; (3) to understand the implications of the legacy regarding how river process and form and river ecosystem services have changed; and (4) to design management or restoration strategies that can mitigate the loss of river ecosystem services. In summary, the existence of forgotten legacies challenges river scientists to recognize the continuing effects of human activities that have long since ceased and also poses challenges for the application of scientific understanding to resource management. Societal expectations for attractive, simple, stable rivers are commonly at odds with scientific understanding of rivers as dynamic, spatially heterogeneous, nonlinear ecosystems. Knowledge of how human actions, including historical actions that have long since ceased, continue to alter river ecosystems can help to bridge the gap between societal and scientific perceptions of rivers. 1. Landscape Legacies The Oxford English Dictionary defines a legacy as a tangible or intangible thing handed down by a predecessor, or a long‐lasting effect of an event or process. In river research, legacy has been used in connection with diverse past events including natural processes such as volcanic eruptions or wildfires that can leave a persistent signature in natural landscapes and biotic communities. Although legacy is still used to describe natural processes, since circa the 1980s legacy has become particularly associated with past human activities. In this sense, investigators refer to legacy sediments (James, 2010, 2013; Novotny, 2004), legacy pollution or contaminants (Singer et al., 2013), and legacy effects (Wohl, 2015). Legacy is used here to include any persistent change in a natural system resulting from human activities, but this paper focuses solely on legacy effects on physical components of river process and form. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. FEATURE ARTICLE 10.1029/2018WR024433 Key Points: • Historical human activities have altered river ecosystems in ways no longer visible • Failure to recognize these alterations skews perception of river form and process • Effective river management and restoration requires close attention to historical legacies Correspondence to: E. Wohl, ellen.wohl@colostate.edu Citation: Wohl, E. (2019). Forgotten legacies: Understanding and mitigating historical human alterations of river corridors.Water Resources Research, 55, 5181–5201. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2018WR024433 Received 3 DEC 2018 Accepted 16 MAY 2019 Accepted article online 3 JUL 2019 Published online 19 JUL 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018WR024433

Forgotten Legacies: Understanding and Mitigating Historical Human Alterations of River Corridors

Popular culture and academic perceptions typically view farmers of the past in one of two ways. On the one hand, we tend to emphasize their roles as producers of agricultural commodities, and marginalize or underemphasize their roles as consumers. On the other, we might believe that farmers were simply the passive recipients of broader societal trends and developments, and think that they followed in the footsteps of their urban counterparts. A small but growing number of scholars are engaging with these views, as they examine the consumption practices of rural North America. This historiography, however, is largely centered in the American context, and the key works north of the border concentrate on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Rural residents, however, continued to account for a sizable minority of the Canadian population into the mid-twentieth century. In order to begin to redress this gap, this study focuses on Ontario from 1900 to 1945. In terms of geographical location, Ontario is a logical choice, as it had the largest rural population of all the provinces in this period, and also had the most occupied farms. In contrast to the tendency to focus on broad, overarching sources, this study builds on the historiographical push to search for the voices of consumers. Specifically, it analyzes diaries and account books kept by farm families in the prime agricultural areas of Ontario. This central source base is supplemented by a range of other primary sources, including memoirs, the farm press, and the annual reports of the Women’s Institute, an influential rural women’s organization. The study argues that these families blended a myriad of provisioning practices, including household production, local exchange, participation in co-operative ventures, and formal purchasing to acquire the food and

https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2919&context=etd

Grassroots Consumption: Ontario Farm Families’ Consumption Practices, 1900-45

AcknowledgmentsPacific Borders: An Introduction 1 Native Borders 2 Fish, Fur, and Faith 3 Remaking Native Space 4 Fishing the Line: Border Bandits and Labor Unrest 5 Pirates of the Salish Sea 6 Policing the Border 7 Conclusion: The Future of Salish Sea Salmon Abbreviations Notes Bibliography

The Nature of Borders: Salmon, Boundaries, and Bandits on the Salish Sea

Kombucha fermentation is initiated by transferring a solid-phase cellulosic pellicle into sweetened tea and allowing the microbes that it contains to initiate the fermentation. This pellicle, commonly referred to as a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), floats to the surface of the fermenting tea and represents an interphase environment, where embedded microbes gain access to oxygen as well as nutrients in the tea. To date, various yeast and bacteria have been reported to exist within the SCOBY, with little consensus as to which species are essential and which are incidental to Kombucha production. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing approaches to evaluate spatial homogeneity within a single commercial SCOBY and taxonomic diversity across a large number (n = 103) of SCOBY used by Kombucha brewers, predominantly in North America. Our results show that the most prevalent and abundant SCOBY taxa were the yeast genus Brettanomyces and the bacterial genus Komagataeibacter, through careful sampling of upper and lower SCOBY layers. This sampling procedure is critical to avoid over-representation of lactic acid bacteria. K-means clustering was used on metabarcoding data of all 103 SCOBY, delineating four SCOBY archetypes based upon differences in their microbial community structures. Fungal genera Zygosaccharomyces, Lachancea and Starmerella were identified as the major compensatory taxa for SCOBY with lower relative abundance of Brettanomyces. Interestingly, while Lactobacillacae was the major compensatory taxa where Komagataeibacter abundance was lower, phylogenic heat-tree analysis infers a possible antagonistic relationship between Starmerella and the acetic acid bacterium. Our results provide the basis for further investigation of how SCOBY archetype affects Kombucha fermentation, and fundamental studies of microbial community assembly in an interphase environment.

Microbial Composition of SCOBY Starter Cultures Used by Commercial Kombucha Brewers in North America.

Advances in molecular and synthetic biology are enabling the engineering of gene drives in insects for disease vector/pest control. Engineered gene drives (that bias their own inheritance) can be designed either to suppress interbreeding target populations or modify them with a new genotype. Depending on the engineered gene drive system, theoretically, a genetic modification of interest could spread through target populations and persist indefinitely, or be restricted in its spread or persistence. While research on engineered gene drives and their applications in insects is advancing at a fast pace, it will take several years for technological developments to move to practical applications for deliberate release into the environment. Some gene drive modified insects (GDMIs) have been tested experimentally in the laboratory, but none has been assessed in small-scale confined field trials or in open release trials as yet. There is concern that the deliberate release of GDMIs in the environment may have possible irreversible and unintended consequences. As a proactive measure, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been requested by the European Commission to review whether its previously published guidelines for the risk assessment of genetically modified animals (EFSA, 2012 and 2013), including insects (GMIs), are adequate and sufficient for GDMIs, primarily disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, for deliberate release into the environment. Under this mandate, EFSA was not requested to develop risk assessment guidelines for GDMIs. In this Scientific Opinion, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) concludes that EFSA's guidelines are adequate, but insufficient for the molecular characterisation (MC), environmental risk assessment (ERA) and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GDMIs. While the MC,ERA and PMEM of GDMIs can build on the existing risk assessment framework for GMIs that do not contain engineered gene drives, there are specific areas where further guidance is needed for GDMIs.

/pdf/adequacy-and-sufficiency-evaluation-of-existing-efsa-4hjhjye793.pdf

Adequacy and sufficiency evaluation of existing EFSA guidelines for the molecular characterisation, environmental risk assessment and post-market environmental monitoring of genetically modified insects containing engineered gene drives.

Before The Jungle: The Atlantic origins of US food safety regulation

of a conquering state,” as Cahill puts it (2). The government’s reliance on this “colonized labor force” was meant to showcase assimilated Indians as models for other Indians to follow. However, as Cahill demonstrates in her chapter on the Hoopa Reservation, many Indian people pursued work in the Indian service not to assimilate but to improve their economic status and to maintain family ties. Indian parents often tried to secure employment at the very boarding schools that their children attended. Cahill includes a fascinating chapter on “Sociability in the Indian Service” that shows the unintended consequences of intimate colonialism. In one captivating photograph, she shows that some white aeld matrons on the Hoopa reservation began to use Hoopa baskets to carry their supplies. More troubling still to authorities, many interracial romances between white women and Indian men bloomed within the service. The anal section of the book studies the inouence of Progressive reforms on the Indian Service. The era’s increased focus on professionalization, rationalization, and efaciency—and its new requirement of credentials for employment—ironically blocked certain avenues of advancement for Indian people. This part of the book is weaker and not as well integrated into the overall narrative, but in the scheme of things, this is minor criticism. Overall, Cahill’s work is perceptive and astute. Her investigation of the unique workforce of the Indian Service offers uncommon insights into myriad other topics—the link between the maternalism of white women reformers (“maternal politics”) and the welfare state, the rise of the bureaucratic state, the role of the American West in the rise of this state, Progressivism, American Indian labor history, and “intimate colonialism.”

Matthew Morse Booker

Papers

Before The Jungle: The Atlantic origins of US food safety regulation

The Fall and Rise of the Wetlands of California's Great Central Valley (review)