https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

Semantic memory refers to knowledge about people, objects, actions, relations, self, and culture acquired through experience. The neural systems that store and retrieve this information have been studied for many years, but a consensus regarding their identity has not been reached. Using strict inclusion criteria, we analyzed 120 functional neuroimaging studies focusing on semantic processing. Reliable areas of activation in these studies were identified using the activation likelihood estimate (ALE) technique. These activations formed a distinct, left-lateralized network comprised of 7 regions: posterior inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Secondary analyses showed specific subregions of this network associated with knowledge of actions, manipulable artifacts, abstract concepts, and concrete concepts. The cortical regions involved in semantic processing can be grouped into 3 broad categories: posterior multimodal and heteromodal association cortex, heteromodal prefrontal cortex, and medial limbic regions. The expansion of these regions in the human relative to the nonhuman primate brain may explain uniquely human capacities to use language productively, plan, solve problems, and create cultural and technological artifacts, all of which depend on the fluid and efficient retrieval and manipulation of semantic knowledge.

/pdf/where-is-the-semantic-system-a-critical-review-and-meta-4aaglbm4tj.pdf

Where Is the Semantic System? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of 120 Functional Neuroimaging Studies

There is increasing recognition that systematic post–cardiac arrest care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) can improve the likelihood of patient survival with good quality of life. This is based in part on the publication of results of randomized controlled clinical trials as well as a description of the post–cardiac arrest syndrome. 1–3 Post–cardiac arrest care has significant potential to reduce early mortality caused by hemodynamic instability and later morbidity and mortality from multiorgan failure and brain injury. 3,4 This section summarizes our evolving understanding of the hemodynamic, neurological, and metabolic abnormalities encountered in patients who are initially resuscitated from cardiac arrest. The initial objectives of post–cardiac arrest care are to ● Optimize cardiopulmonary function and vital organ perfusion. ● After out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, transport patient to an appropriate hospital with a comprehensive post–cardiac arrest treatment system of care that includes acute coronary interventions, neurological care, goal-directed critical care, and hypothermia. ● Transport the in-hospital post–cardiac arrest patient to an appropriate critical-care unit capable of providing comprehensive post–cardiac arrest care. ● Try to identify and treat the precipitating causes of the arrest and prevent recurrent arrest.

http://www.kardio.hu/feltoltott/dokumentumok/fajl_201148104747Cardiopulm_resuscit_Pt9_Post_cardiac.pdf

Part 9: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

https://genoplivning.dk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/european-resuscitation-council-guidelines-for-resuscitation-2010-section-4-adult-advanced-life-support.pdf

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4 Adult advanced life support

Thank you very much for downloading applied longitudinal data analysis modeling change and event occurrence. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this applied longitudinal data analysis modeling change and event occurrence, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their computer.

Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis Modeling Change And Event Occurrence

J.A.Ellis & J.E., Freeman Ten Years On: Realizing Delayed Intentions. R.E. Smith, Connecting the Past and the Future: Attention, Memory, and Delayed Intentions. M.J. Guynn, Theory of Monitoring in Prospective Memory: Instantiating a Retrieval Mode and Periodic Target Checking. R.L. Marsh, J.L. Hicks & G.I. Cook, On Beginning to Understand the Role of Context in Prospective Memory. C. Hertzog, Commentary. L. Kvavilashvili, F. Kyle & D.J. Messer, The development of prospective memory in children: Methodological issues, empirical findings and future directions. M.A. McDaniel, G.O. Einstein & P.G. Rendell, The Puzzle of Inconsistent Age-Related Declines in Prospective Memory: A Multiprocess Explanation. L.H. Phillips, J.D. Henry, & M. Martin, Adult aging and prospective memory: the importance of ecological validity. M. Kliegel, R. Mackinlay, & T. Jager, A Lifespan Approach to the Development of Complex Prospective Memory. E.A. Maylor, Commentary: Prospective Memory Through the Ages. P.W. Burgess, I. Dumontheil, S.J. Gilbert, J. Okuda, M.L. Scholvinck & J.S. Simons On the role of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) in prospective memory. R. West, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Prospective Memory. M. Kliegel, T. Jager, M. Altgassen, & D. Shum, Clinical Neuropsychology of Prospective Memory. M. Moscovitch, Commentary. A.I.T. Thone-Otto & K. Walther, Assessment and Treatment of Prospective Memory Disorders in Clinical Practice. M.A. Brandimonte & D. Ferrante, The social side of prospective memory. A.-L. Cohen & Peter M. Gollwitzer, The Cost of Remembering to Remember: Cognitive Load and Implementation Intentions Influence Ongoing Task Performance. E.A.H. Wilson & D. Park, Prospective Memory and Health Behaviors: Context Trumps Cognition. R.K. Dismukes, Prospective Memory in Aviation and Everyday Settings. P.M. Gollwitzer, Commentary

Prospective Memory : Cognitive, Neuroscience, Developmental, and Applied Perspectives

Only few studies have addressed the issue of task importance in prospective memory. Most of them, but not all, have shown that perceived task importance does improve prospective memory performance. However, there is little understanding of (1) the conditions under which importance of the prospective memory task makes a difference in performance and (2) the mechanisms by which perceived task importance has an effect on prospective memory performance. The present study reports two experiments that manipulate task importance in a time-based and an event-based prospective memory paradigm. Results show that importance has an effect on the time-based but not on the event-based task. Further analyses of the performance in the cover tasks as well as the monitoring behaviour indicate that importance improves prospective memory to the degree the task requires the strategic allocation of attentional resources.

Varying the importance of a prospective memory task: Differential effects across time - and event-based prospective memory

Summary Recent research on prospective memory suggests the involvement of executive functions in explaining performance in complex task environments. However, few theoretical concepts specify which executive functions contribute to prospective memory performance. Moreover, it is unclear which executive functions are required in the course of the prospective memory process. Therefore, we argue that prospective memory should be conceptualized as a multi-phasic process and propose a theoretical model that disentangles four different phases: (a) forming an intention, (b) maintaining the intention, (c) initiating the intended action, and (d) executing the intention. Empirical tests of the model with eighty adults reveal that more than 50 percent of the variance in the complex prospective memory task is predicted by the executive measures. Of those, planning and cognitive flexibility are particularly important predictors. The discussion focuses on the role of particular executive functions in predicting performance in specific phases of prospective remembering. Key words: prospective memory, executive functions, planning, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, working memory According to Neisser (1982), "to remember" stands for two different everyday cognitive processes: "remembering what we must do" and "remembering what we have done." The current literature refers to the first type of remembering as prospective memory and to the second as retrospective memory (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990, 1996). Although its proper labeling is still under discussion (Burgess, 2000; Crowder, 1996; Ellis, 1996; Goschke & Kuhl, 1996), the field of prospective memory research "is booming" (Roediger, 1996, p. 149; cf also Ellis & Kvavilashvili, 2000). Interest in prospective memory is largely based on its relevance in everyday life, for example having to remember to attend a meeting, to buy a certain item in the grocery store, or to manage the various daily tasks at home and at work. The cognitive mechanisms underlying prospective memory performance have become an issue of major interest. In searching for processes explaining differences in prospective remembering, some researchers have focused on processes related to retrospective memory (e.g., recency and proximity effects; Hitch & Ferguson, 1991). The general hypothesis of many studies was that, in principle, prospective memory performance can be explained by the same mechanisms underlying performance in well-known retrospective memory tasks such as delayed recall (Crowder, 1996). In more recent work, the impact of another memory process, i.e., working memory, has been investigated. Consistently, and with different prospective tasks, these studies report that working memory capacity predicts significant amounts of the variance in prospective memory performance (e.g., Cherry & LeCompte, 1999; Kliegel, McDaniel & Einstein, 2000; Martin & Park, 1999). In sum, some parts of the existing literature suggest that processes related to retrospective memory performance explain differences in prospective memory performance. However, this conclusion might be premature for two reasons. First, most empirical studies report only weak relations between retrospective memory processes and prospective memory performance (Cockburn, 1995; Einstein, Holland, McDaniel & Guynn, 1992; Einstein & McDaniel, 1990; Kliegel et al., 2000; Kvavilashvili, 1987). Second, task analyses of everyday prospective memory suggest that prospective remembering requires more than just retrospective memory. In fact, it seems obvious that in everyday life one typically works on several "subtasks" in order to perform well on an everyday prospective memory task: One has to form an intention, one has to keep the intention in mind while working on ongoing activities, one has to monitor the environment to initiate the action at the appropriate time, and one has to perform the intended action according to the previously planned intention (Ellis, 1996). …

Complex prospective memory and executive control of working memory: A process model.

Recent studies suggest that working memory training may benefit older adults; however, findings regarding training and transfer effects are mixed. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of a process-based training intervention in a diverse sample of older adults and explored possible moderators of training and transfer effects. For that purpose, 80 older adults (65-95 years) were assigned either to a training group that worked on visuospatial, verbal, and executive working memory tasks for 9 sessions over 3 weeks or to a control group. Performance on trained and transfer tasks was assessed in all participants before and after the training period, as well as at a 9-month follow-up. Analyses revealed significant training effects in all 3 training tasks in trained participants relative to controls, as well as near transfer to a verbal working memory task and far transfer to a fluid intelligence task. Encouragingly, all training effects and the transfer effect to verbal working memory were stable at the 9-month follow-up session. Further analyses revealed that training gains were predicted by baseline performance in training tasks and (to a lesser degree) by age. Gains in transfer tasks were predicted by age and by the amount of improvement in the trained tasks. These findings suggest that cognitive plasticity is preserved over a large range of old age and that even a rather short training regime can lead to (partly specific) training and transfer effects. However, baseline performance, age, and training gains moderate the amount of plasticity.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthias_Kliegel/publication/236922465_Working_Memory_Training_and_Transfer_in_Older_Adults_Effects_of_Age_Baseline_Performance_and_Training_Gains/links/0c9605208f17c1c2a3000000.pdf

Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains

Existing laboratory paradigms of prospective memory instruct subjects to remember to perform a single, isolated act at an appropriate point in the experiment. These paradigms do not completely capture many everyday complex prospective memory situations in which a series or set of delayed actions is planned to be executed in some subsequent period of time. We adapted a laboratory paradigm within which to study these prospective memory processes, and we investigated age-related influences on these prospective memory processes. Age-related declines were found in the planning, initiation, and execution of the set of tasks. In contrast, there were no age differences in plan retention or in the fidelity with which the plan was performed.

/pdf/plan-formation-retention-and-execution-in-prospective-memory-2z3wog3bq5.pdf

Matthias Kliegel

Papers

Prospective Memory : Cognitive, Neuroscience, Developmental, and Applied Perspectives

Varying the importance of a prospective memory task: Differential effects across time - and event-based prospective memory

Complex prospective memory and executive control of working memory: A process model.

Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains

Plan formation, retention, and execution in prospective memory: A new approach and age-related effects