Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

We wish to thank Drs Brian Eigel and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.

Disclosures 



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# Summary {#article-title-2}

Each year, the American Heart Association, in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

Author(s): Go, Alan S; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Roger, Veronique L; Benjamin, Emelia J; Berry, Jarett D; Borden, William B; Bravata, Dawn M; Dai, Shifan; Ford, Earl S; Fox, Caroline S; Franco, Sheila; Fullerton, Heather J; Gillespie, Cathleen; Hailpern, Susan M; Heit, John A; Howard, Virginia J; Huffman, Mark D; Kissela, Brett M; Kittner, Steven J; Lackland, Daniel T; Lichtman, Judith H; Lisabeth, Lynda D; Magid, David; Marcus, Gregory M; Marelli, Ariane; Matchar, David B; McGuire, Darren K; Mohler, Emile R; Moy, Claudia S; Mussolino, Michael E; Nichol, Graham; Paynter, Nina P; Schreiner, Pamela J; Sorlie, Paul D; Stein, Joel; Turan, Tanya N; Virani, Salim S; Wong, Nathan D; Woo, Daniel; Turner, Melanie B; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

Results In 2009-2010 the age-adjusted mean BMI was 28.7 (95% CI, 28.3-29.1) for men and also 28.7 (95% CI, 28.4-29.0) for women. Median BMI was 27.8 (interquartile range [IQR], 24.7-31.7) for men and 27.3 (IQR, 23.3-32.7) for women. The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 35.5% (95% CI, 31.9%-39.2%) among adult men and 35.8% (95% CI, 34.0%-37.7%) among adult women. Over the 12-year period from 1999 through 2010, obesity showed no significant increase among women overall (age- and race-adjusted annual change in odds ratio [AOR], 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P=.07), but increases were statistically significant for non-Hispanic black women (P=.04) and Mexican American women (P=.046). For men, there was a significant linear trend (AOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; P.001) over the 12-year period. For both men and women, the most recent 2 years (2009-2010) did not differ significantly (P=.08 for men and P=.24 for women) from the previous 6 years (20032008). Trends in BMI were similar to obesity trends.

/pdf/prevalence-of-obesity-and-trends-in-the-distribution-of-body-14thi4mqtd.pdf

Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index Among US Adults, 1999-2010

Rosamond, Paul D. Sorlie, Randall S. Stafford, Tanya N. Turan, Melanie B. Turner, Nathan D. Dariush Mozaffarian, Michael E. Mussolino, Graham Nichol, Nina P. Paynter, Wayne D. Ariane Marelli, David B. Matchar, Mary M. McDermott, James B. Meigs, Claudia S. Moy, Lackland, Judith H. Lichtman, Lynda D. Lisabeth, Diane M. Makuc, Gregory M. Marcus, John A. Heit, P. Michael Ho, Virginia J. Howard, Brett M. Kissela, Steven J. Kittner, Daniel T. Caroline S. Fox, Heather J. Fullerton, Cathleen Gillespie, Kurt J. Greenlund, Susan M. Hailpern, Todd M. Brown, Mercedes R. Carnethon, Shifan Dai, Giovanni de Simone, Earl S. Ford, Véronique L. Roger, Alan S. Go, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Robert J. Adams, Jarett D. Berry, Association 2011 Update : A Report From the American Heart −− Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

This review of the obesity epidemic provides a comprehensive description of the current situation, time trends, and disparities across gender, age, socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic regions in the United States based on national data. The authors searched studies published between 1990 and 2006. Adult overweight and obesity were defined by using body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m) 2 ) cutpoints of 25 and 30, respectively; childhood ‘‘at risk for overweight’’ and overweight were defined as the 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index. Average annual increase in and future projections for prevalence were estimated by using linear regression models. Among adults, obesity prevalence increased from 13% to 32% between the 1960s and 2004. Currently, 66% of adults are overweight or obese; 16% of children and adolescents are overweight and 34% are at risk of overweight. Minority and low-socioeconomic-status groups are disproportionately affected at all ages. Annual increases in prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points across groups. By 2015, 75% of adults will be overweight or obese, and 41% will be obese. In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed.

/pdf/the-obesity-epidemic-in-the-united-states-gender-age-41zodbuak0.pdf

The Obesity Epidemic in the United States—Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis

We projected future prevalence and BMI distribution based on national survey data (National Health and Nutrition Examination Study) collected between 1970s and 2004. Future obesity-related health-care costs for adults were estimated using projected prevalence, Census population projections, and published national estimates of per capita excess health-care costs of obesity/overweight. The objective was to illustrate potential burden of obesity prevalence and health-care costs of obesity and overweight in the United States that would occur if current trends continue. Overweight and obesity prevalence have increased steadily among all US population groups, but with notable differences between groups in annual increase rates. The increase (percentage points) in obesity and overweight in adults was faster than in children (0.77 vs. 0.46-0.49), and in women than in men (0.91 vs. 0.65). If these trends continue, by 2030, 86.3% adults will be overweight or obese; and 51.1%, obese. Black women (96.9%) and Mexican-American men (91.1%) would be the most affected. By 2048, all American adults would become overweight or obese, while black women will reach that state by 2034. In children, the prevalence of overweight (BMI >/= 95th percentile, 30%) will nearly double by 2030. Total health-care costs attributable to obesity/overweight would double every decade to 860.7-956.9 billion US dollars by 2030, accounting for 16-18% of total US health-care costs. We continue to move away from the Healthy People 2010 objectives. Timely, dramatic, and effective development and implementation of corrective programs/policies are needed to avoid the otherwise inevitable health and societal consequences implied by our projections .

/pdf/will-all-americans-become-overweight-or-obese-estimating-the-228nm6wp5j.pdf

Will all Americans become overweight or obese? estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic.

Obesity is a major public health epidemic worldwide in children and adults (1–6). The prevalence and severity of childhood obesity is dramatically increasing with a corresponding increase in the prevalence of obesity-related morbidities particularly those involving obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic and cardiovascular seque-lae (7). Prevention of childhood obesity is an urgent issue for public health, in par-ticular, in many industrialized countries and some transition societies. Nutrition and physical activity (PA) have been the major research focus on obesity preven -tion (8–11). However, most published findings of such interventions suggested little success in preventing childhood obe-sity (6,12), although some that focused on dietary or/and PA approaches have showed some desirable impact on BMI status (13). Other risk factors, such as sleep, may be related to obesity, although sleep behavior has received much less attention than dietary intake and PA (14,15).Sleep, like PA and diet, plays an impor-tant role in the growth, maturation, and health of children and adolescents by allowing for the diurnal rhythm of hor -mones related to growth, maturation, and energy homeostasis (16). A number of biological mechanisms have been pro -posed to link sleep duration and obesity (17). For example, one theory posits that children with short sleep have low caloric intake and expenditure, given that sleep deprivation often leads to changes in the structure of sleep stage and results in fatigue, daytime sleepiness, somatic and cognitive problems, and low activity lev-els (18,19). Previous studies indicate that sleep deprivation results in changes in lev -els of several hormones including leptin, ghrelin, insulin, cortisol, and growth hor-mone (20–22). These hormonal changes may contribute to energy imbalance and then lead to overweight or obesity.Recently, there is increasing epide-miological evidence suggesting a link between sleep duration and obesity in children (18,23–26), adolescents (27), and adults (28–30). In adults, some studies indicate a negative association between sleep duration and obesity/BMI in men and a U-shaped relation between sleep duration and BMI in women (29). Several epidemiological studies have examined the association between short sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents (18,23–27,31–37), but the reported findings are inconsistent (18,32,35,37). A recent review summa-rized 13 studies that examined the asso-ciation between short sleep duration and obesity among children and adolescents, and recommended more sleep to pre-vent obesity (17). However, the review suffered from several limitations includ-ing misclassification of the design of some studies and included a study with adults as the primary age group (28). Several related previous studies were not included. Furthermore, new studies have been reported since the publication of the review. A major gap in the related litera-ture is that to our knowledge, no meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the overall association quantitatively and to test the possible differences by popula-tion groups such as age and gender.This study aimed to assess epidemio-logic evidence systematically on the relation between sleep duration and childhood obesity. We first performed a systematic review of all related studies and then conducted a meta-analysis based on cohort studies and cross-sectional studies in the general pediatric population.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1038/oby.2007.63

Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

While dementia affects 6-10% of persons 65 years or older, industrialized countries have witnessed an alarming rise in obesity. However, obesity's influence on dementia remains poorly understood. The conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. PUBMED search (1995-2007) resulted in 10 relevant prospective cohort studies of older adults (40-80 years at baseline) with end points being dementia and predictors including adiposity measures, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). There was a significant U-shaped association between BMI and dementia (P= 0.034), with dementia risk increased for obesity and underweight. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for underweight, overweight and obesity compared with normal weight in relation to incident dementia were: 1.36 (1.07, 1.73), 0.88 (0.60, 1.27) and 1.42 (0.93, 2.18) respectively. Pooled ORs and 95% CI for obesity and incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia were 1.80 (1.00, 3.29) vs. 1.73 (0.47, 6.31) and were stronger in studies with long follow-up (>10 years) and young baseline age (<60 years). Weight gain and high WC or skin-fold thickness increased risks of dementia in all included studies. The meta-analysis shows a moderate association between obesity and the risks for dementia and AD. Future studies are needed to understand optimal weight and biological mechanisms

/pdf/obesity-and-central-obesity-as-risk-factors-for-incident-1i4y5nvzew.pdf

Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

To critically evaluate recent studies that examined determinants of CRC screening behaviors among average-risk older adults (≥50 years) in the United States. A PUBMED (1996–2006) search was conducted to identify recent articles that focused on predictors of CRC initiation and adherence to screening guidelines among average-risk older adults in the United States. Frequently reported predictors of CRC screening behaviors include older age, male gender, marriage, higher education, higher income, White race, non-Hispanic ethnicity, smoking history, presence of chronic diseases, family history of CRC, usual source of care, physician recommendation, utilization of other preventive health services, and health insurance coverage. Psychosocial predictors of CRC screening adherence are mostly constructs from the Health Belief Model, the most prominent of which are perceived barriers to CRC screening. Evidence suggests that CRC screening is a complex behavior with multiple influences including personal characteristics, health insurance coverage, and physician–patient communication. Health promotion activities should target both patients and physicians, while focusing on increasing awareness of and accessibility to CRC screening tests among average-risk older adults in the United States.

May A. Beydoun

Papers

The Obesity Epidemic in the United States—Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis

Will all Americans become overweight or obese? estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic.

Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Predictors of colorectal cancer screening behaviors among average-risk older adults in the United States.