The Obesity Epidemic in the United States—Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis
Youfa Wang,May A. Beydoun +1 more
TLDR
Obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades and the associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic.Abstract:
This review of the obesity epidemic provides a comprehensive description of the current situation, time trends, and disparities across gender, age, socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic regions in the United States based on national data. The authors searched studies published between 1990 and 2006. Adult overweight and obesity were defined by using body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m) 2 ) cutpoints of 25 and 30, respectively; childhood ‘‘at risk for overweight’’ and overweight were defined as the 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index. Average annual increase in and future projections for prevalence were estimated by using linear regression models. Among adults, obesity prevalence increased from 13% to 32% between the 1960s and 2004. Currently, 66% of adults are overweight or obese; 16% of children and adolescents are overweight and 34% are at risk of overweight. Minority and low-socioeconomic-status groups are disproportionately affected at all ages. Annual increases in prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points across groups. By 2015, 75% of adults will be overweight or obese, and 41% will be obese. In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed.read more
Citations
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Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Marie Ng,Tom P Fleming,Margaret Robinson,Blake Thomson,Nicholas Graetz,Christopher Margono,Erin C Mullany,Stan Biryukov,Cristiana Abbafati,Semaw Ferede Abera,Jerry Abraham,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tom Achoki,Fadia AlBuhairan,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso,Mohammed K. Ali,Raghib Ali,Nelson Alvis Guzmán,Walid Ammar,Palwasha Anwari,Amitava Banerjee,Simón Barquera,Sanjay Basu,Derrick A Bennett,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Jed D. Blore,N Cabral,Ismael Ricardo Campos Nonato,Jung-Chen Chang,Rajiv Chowdhury,Karen J. Courville,Michael H. Criqui,David K. Cundiff,Kaustubh Dabhadkar,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Adrian Davis,Anand Dayama,Samath D Dharmaratne,Eric L. Ding,Adnan M. Durrani,Alireza Esteghamati,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Valery L. Feigin,Abraham D. Flaxman,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Atsushi Goto,Mark A. Green,Rajeev Gupta,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Graeme J. Hankey,Heather Harewood,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Lucia Hernandez,Abdullatif Husseini,Bulat Idrisov,Nayu Ikeda,Farhad Islami,Eiman Jahangir,Simerjot K. Jassal,Sun Ha Jee,Mona Jeffreys,Jost B. Jonas,Edmond K. Kabagambe,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Andre Pascal Kengne,Yousef Khader,Young-Ho Khang,Daniel Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Jonas Minet Kinge,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Soewarta Kosen,Gene F. Kwan,Taavi Lai,Mall Leinsalu,Yichong Li,Xiaofeng Liang,Shiwei Liu,Giancarlo Logroscino,Paulo A. Lotufo,Yuan Qiang Lu,Jixiang Ma,Nana Kwaku Mainoo,George A. Mensah,Tony R. Merriman,Ali H. Mokdad,Joanna Moschandreas,Mohsen Naghavi,Aliya Naheed,Devina Nand,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Erica Leigh Nelson,Marian L. Neuhouser,Muhammad Imran Nisar,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Samuel Oti,Andrea Pedroza,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Nobhojit Roy,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Hyeyoung Seo,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Kenji Shibuya,Rahman Shiri,Ivy Shiue,Gitanjali M Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg,Lela Sturua,Bryan L. Sykes,Martin Tobias,Bach Xuan Tran,Leonardo Trasande,Hideaki Toyoshima,Steven van de Vijver,Tommi Vasankari,J. Lennert Veerman,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Theo Vos,Claire L. Wang,Xiao Rong Wang,Elisabete Weiderpass,Andrea Werdecker,Jonathan L. Wright,Y Claire Yang,Hiroshi Yatsuya,Jihyun Yoon,Seok Jun Yoon,Yong Zhao,Maigeng Zhou,Shankuan Zhu,Alan D. Lopez,Christopher J L Murray,Emmanuela Gakidou +141 more
TL;DR: The global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013 is estimated using a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
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Larry B. Goldstein,Cheryl Bushnell,Robert J. Adams,Lawrence J. Appel,Lynne T. Braun,Seemant Chaturvedi,Mark A. Creager,Antonio Culebras,Robert H. Eckel,Robert G. Hart,Judith A. Hinchey,Virginia J. Howard,Edward C. Jauch,Steven R. Levine,James F. Meschia,Wesley S. Moore,J.V. (Ian) Nixon,Thomas A. Pearson +17 more
TL;DR: Evidence-based recommendations are included for the control of risk factors, interventional approaches to atherosclerotic disease of the cervicocephalic circulation, and antithrombotic treatments for preventing thrombosis and thromboembolic stroke.
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Will all Americans become overweight or obese? estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic.
TL;DR: Timely, dramatic, and effective development and implementation of corrective programs/policies are needed to avoid the otherwise inevitable health and societal consequences implied by the potential burden of obesity prevalence and health‐care costs of obesity and overweight in the United States that would occur if current trends continue.
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Larry B. Goldstein,Cheryl Bushnell,Robert J. Adams,Lawrence J. Appel,Lynne T. Braun,Seemant Chaturvedi,Mark A. Creager,Antonio Culebras,Robert H. Eckel,Robert G. Hart,Judith A. Hinchey,Virginia J. Howard,Edward C. Jauch,Steven R. Levine,James F. Meschia,Wesley S. Moore,Thomas A. Pearson +16 more
TL;DR: This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on established and emerging risk factors for stroke to provide evidence-based recommendations for the reduction of risk of a first stroke.
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