It remains unclear whether biodiversity buffers ecosystems against climate extremes, which are becoming increasingly frequent worldwide. Early results suggested that the ecosystem productivity of diverse grassland plant communities was more resistant, changing less during drought, and more resilient, recovering more quickly after drought, than that of depauperate communities. However, subsequent experimental tests produced mixed results. Here we use data from 46 experiments that manipulated grassland plant diversity to test whether biodiversity provides resistance during and resilience after climate events. We show that biodiversity increased ecosystem resistance for a broad range of climate events, including wet or dry, moderate or extreme, and brief or prolonged events. Across all studies and climate events, the productivity of low-diversity communities with one or two species changed by approximately 50% during climate events, whereas that of high-diversity communities with 16–32 species was more resistant, changing by only approximately 25%. By a year after each climate event, ecosystem productivity had often fully recovered, or overshot, normal levels of productivity in both high- and low-diversity communities, leading to no detectable dependence of ecosystem resilience on biodiversity. Our results suggest that biodiversity mainly stabilizes ecosystem productivity, and productivity-dependent ecosystem services, by increasing resistance to climate events. Anthropogenic environmental changes that drive biodiversity loss thus seem likely to decrease ecosystem stability, and restoration of biodiversity to increase it, mainly by changing the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate events.

Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremes

The literature of small business and entrepreneurship is explored. It is established that, although there is an overlap between entrepreneurial firms and small business firms, they are different entities. Using the 1934 work of Schumpeter and recognizing the additions to the field of current writers, a conceptual framework is established for the differentiation of entrepreneurs from small business owners. Keywords: entrepreneurial, Small business

Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization

https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/2015/ja_2015_trettin_001.pdf

Carbon stocks of mangroves within the Zambezi River Delta, Mozambique

Environmental odour management by artificial neural network - A review.

Land is integral to human habitation and livelihoods, providing food and resources, and also serves as a source of identity and cultural meaning. However, the combined impacts of climate change, desertification, land degradation and food insecurity pose obstacles to resilient development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This chapter reviews and assesses literature on risk and uncertainty surrounding land and climate change, policy instruments and decision-making that seek to address those risks and uncertainties, and governance practices that advance the response options with co-benefits identified in Chapter 6, lessen the socio-economic impacts of climate change and reduce trade-offs, and advance SLM.

Risk management and decision-making in relation to sustainable development

The Sundarbans (21o30′–22o30′ N and 89o00′–89o55′ E) is the largest mangrove forest in the world. Forests are very important for sequestering atmospheric carbon and mangroves are amongst the most efficient in carbon sequestration. This study presents the estimation of ecosystem carbon (above- and belowground) stock in the Sundarbans using a large scale data sets collected from systematic grid samples throughout the forest. The variation of carbon stock in different vegetation types and in different salinity zones in Sundarbans was investigated. The relationships between carbon stock and different vegetation functional attributes (basal area, mean tree height, crown coverage etc.) were also investigated. The amount of carbon stored varied significantly among vegetation types, salinity zones and vegetation functional attributes (P < 0.05). Sundri (Heritiera fomes) dominated forest types store more ecosystem carbon (360.1 ± 22.71 Mg C ha−1) than other vegetation types. The fresh water zone shows the highest ecosystem carbon stock (336.09 ± 14.74 Mg C ha−1) followed by moderate and strong salinity zones. Salinity was found to enhance belowground carbon stock as revealed by the lowest proportion of belowground carbon stock (57.2 %) with respect to ecosystem carbon in fresh water zone and by the highest (71.9 %) in strong salinity zone. The results also reveal that no matter whether the mangroves are tall or dwarf, a significant amount of carbon is stored into the sediment. The vegetation attributes (basal area and mean tree height) of the dominant mangrove species in each vegetation type were identified as the key indicator of ecosystem carbon stock. We recommended some generalized regression equations to predict ecosystem carbon stock from basal area or mean tree height.

Carbon stock in the Sundarbans mangrove forest: spatial variations in vegetation types and salinity zones

Purpose – This paper describes a scheme which aims to alleviate rural poverty by providing small and microinvestment to the agricultural and rural sector for generating employment and to raise the income of the rural poor.Design/methodology/approach – To assess the impact of rural development schemes on rural poor's livelihood, primary data were collected from 1,020 clients working across the country. Multistage random sampling method was followed to select the clients. Tabular, graphical, and econometrical methods were followed to analyze the data.Findings – Results show that household income, productivity of crops and livestock, expenditure, and employment had increased significantly due to the influence of invested money. Results of the Logit‐model showed that clients' socio‐economic factors like age, number of family members in farming, total land size and clients' ethics and morals had a positive and significant influence on household income.Practical implications – Client's opined that the microinve...

Impact of microfinance of IBBL on the rural poor's livelihood in Bangladesh: an empirical study

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/540337.pdf

High carbon stocks in roadside plantations under participatory management in Bangladesh

A mangrove community along the oligohaline zone of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF), Bangladesh was selected to study stand structure, biomass accumulation, and carbon storage. Field data were m...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21580103.2017.1417920

Stand structure and carbon storage in the oligohaline zone of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh

Electronic noses (E-Nose) are seen to be good substitute to human or animal nose for food, and fruit quality identification It is also used for explosive and chemical identification We have generated typical E-Nose data to compare the existing algorithms in terms of training, and testing/validation We have observed that k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm, support vector machine (SVM) machine learning algorithms; and radial basis function (RBF), and generalized regression neural networks (GRNNs) shows good odor detection performance In terms of speed GRNN tops compared to other methods

Md. Mizanur Rahman

Papers

Carbon stock in the Sundarbans mangrove forest: spatial variations in vegetation types and salinity zones

Impact of microfinance of IBBL on the rural poor's livelihood in Bangladesh: an empirical study

High carbon stocks in roadside plantations under participatory management in Bangladesh

Stand structure and carbon storage in the oligohaline zone of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh

Classification and pattern recognition algorithms applied to E-Nose