Cloud Computing is referred to as a set of hardware and software that are being combined to deliver various services of computing. The cloud keeps the services for delivery of software, infrastructure, and platform over the Internet based on the user’s demand. In the IT industry, cloud computing plays an important role to access services anywhere in the world. With increasing demand and popularity of cloud computing, several types of threats and vulnerabilities are also increased. Data integrity and privacy are the key issues in cloud computing and are thoughtful as the data is stored in different geographical locations. Therefore, data integrity and privacy protection provisions are the most prominent factors of user’s concerns about the cloud computing environment. In this paper, a new model based on a genetic algorithm (GA) CryptoGA is proposed to cope with data integrity and privacy issues. GA is used to generate keys for encryption and decryption which are integrated with a cryptographic algorithm to ensure privacy and integrity of cloud data. Known and common parameters i.e. execution time, throughput, key size, and avalanche effect are considered for evaluation and comparison. Ten different datasets are used in experiments for testing and validation. Experimental results analysis show that the proposed model ensures the integrity and preserves the privacy of the user’s data against unauthorized parties. Moreover, the CryptoGA is robust and provides better performance on selected parameters as compared to state-of-the-art cryptographic algorithms i.e. DES, 3DES, RSA, Blowfish, and AES.

CryptoGA: a cryptosystem based on genetic algorithm for cloud data security

Lightweight cryptography in IoT networks: A survey

In a platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical system (PVCPS), a lead vehicle that is responsible for managing the platoon’s moving directions and velocity periodically disseminates control messages to the vehicles that follow. Securing wireless transmissions of the messages between the vehicles is critical for privacy and confidentiality of the platoon’s driving pattern. However, due to the broadcast nature of radio channels, the transmissions are vulnerable to eavesdropping. In this article, we propose a cooperative secret key agreement (CoopKey) scheme for encrypting/decrypting the control messages, where the vehicles in PVCPS generate a unified secret key based on the quantized fading channel randomness. Channel quantization intervals are optimized by dynamic programming to minimize the mismatch of keys. A platooning testbed is built with autonomous robotic vehicles, where a TelosB wireless node is used for onboard data processing and multi-hop dissemination. Extensive real-world experiments demonstrate that CoopKey achieves significantly low secret bit mismatch rate in a variety of settings. Moreover, the standard NIST test suite is employed to verify randomness of the generated keys, where the p-values of our CoopKey pass all the randomness tests. We also evaluate CoopKey with an extended platoon size via simulations to investigate the effect of system scalability on performance.

Design and Implementation of Secret Key Agreement for Platoon-based Vehicular Cyber-physical Systems

Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems have been actively researched to provide future broadband services. In this paper we review the schemes and strategies that have been carried out in Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) networks over the years to realize high-performance RoF links. © 2009 Optical Society of America.

Radio-over-fiber systems

The lightweight cryptography (LWC) is an interesting research area in the field of information security. So, different lightweight mechanisms have been developed in the existing works for securing the confidential information. But, it remains with the limitations like increased components usage, time consumption, power consumption and memory requirement. Also, the existing techniques utilized the same type of key generation and pattern generation approaches for all kinds of data, which leads to reduced security. To solve these problems, this paper intends to develop a new LWC mechanism by using the differential logical pattern (DLP) algorithm. Here, the input message (i.e. text or image) with the size of 16 × 16 blocks is taken for processing. For this input, the random key and S-box are generated for extracting the patterns. Then, the DLP mechanism is utilized to encrypt the input blocks before transmitting it to the receiver. At the receiving side, the inverse random key and S-box generation mechanisms are applied to generate the key used for decryption. Finally, the DLP decryption mechanism is applied to reconstruct the original data sent by the sender. The benefits of this work are reduced memory consumption and time complexity. The experimental results evaluate the performance of this technique by using various measures such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Mean Squared Error, correlation coefficient, Number of Pixels Change Rate, Unified Average Changing Intensity, CPU cycles, time and memory.

A Lightweight Cryptography Technique with Random Pattern Generation

Improved fiber nonlinearity mitigation in dispersion managed optical OFDM links

An adaptive impairments assessment is necessary to evaluate the impact of various linear and nonlinear effects in future generation cognitive optical transport links. In this paper, an Adaptive Fiber Impairment Mitigation (AFIM) algorithm is proposed to identify a suitable mitigation scheme for the cognitive environment. The AFIM algorithm will assess fiber impairments and adaptively select a suitable mitigation scheme with minimum complexity based on the present network conditions and user performance target. The performance of AFIM algorithm is compared with Fixed Fiber Impairment Mitigation approach in terms of outage probability and outage capacity analysis. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing based Mode Division Multiplexing system with Few Mode Fiber (FMF) is suggested as a solution to increase the nonlinearity threshold limit of the system. The $$\hbox {L}_2$$
 -by-3 nonlinear transform based Peak to Average Power Ratio reduction technique is implemented to mitigate fiber nonlinear effects in FMF based backbone and backhaul links. The performance analysis of the FMF system has been evaluated and compared with that of Single Mode Fiber system. The proposed analytical model and mitigation schemes are integrated with the AFIM algorithm to realize the cognitive optical network. Further, the result shows that AFIM algorithm enhances the system capacity by more than 6-folds at an outage probability of 0.5 and reduces the outage probability to 0.6 at the capacity range of 20 Gbps.

Fiber impairments mitigation in OFDM based cognitive optical networks

The past decade has seen the phenomenal usage of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in the wired as well as wireless communication domains, and it is also proposed in the literature as a future proof technique for the implementation of flexible resource allocation in cognitive optical networks. Fiber impairment assessment and adaptive compensation becomes critical in such implementations. A comprehensive analytical model for impairments in OFDM-based fiber links is developed. The proposed model includes the combined impact of laser phase fluctuations, fiber dispersion, self phase modulation, cross phase modulation, four-wave mixing, the nonlinear phase noise due to the interaction of amplified spontaneous emission with fiber nonlinearities, and the photodetector noises. The bit error rate expression for the proposed model is derived based on error vector magnitude estimation. The performance analysis of the proposed model is presented and compared for dispersion compensated and uncompensated backbone/backhaul links. The results suggest that OFDM would perform better for uncompensated links than the compensated links due to the negligible FWM effects and there is a need for flexible compensation. The proposed model can be employed in cognitive optical networks for accurate assessment of fiber-related impairments.

Impairment assessment of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing over dispersion-managed links in backbone and backhaul networks

Energy-efficient system design with controlled levels of electromagnetic pollution, without compromising on the user quality of experience and operator revenue, are essential considerations in the design of next-generation wireless communication networks. Integration of multiple services and multiple operator transmissions onto a common shared infrastructure is the solution forward to satisfy the contradictory subscriber and operator requirements and also to derive a future-proof fronthaul to support new techniques like opportunistic, co-operative and cognitive communications. This paper reports the link budget analysis, energy efficiency estimation and electromagnetic radiation calculation for a Multi-Operator Multi-Service Analog Radio over Fiber fronthaul for a small cell configuration. The BER analysis and the link budget analysis are presented for the central base station to remote antenna unit (RAU) link as well as the RAU to user equipment link. The estimated minimum transmission power sufficient to establish and maintain a quality connection suggests the possibility of eliminating the energy consuming power amplifiers in the transceivers and also achieve a reduced electromagnetic pollution in the environment.

Meenakshi Murugappan

Papers

A Lightweight Cryptography Technique with Random Pattern Generation

Improved fiber nonlinearity mitigation in dispersion managed optical OFDM links

Fiber impairments mitigation in OFDM based cognitive optical networks

Impairment assessment of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing over dispersion-managed links in backbone and backhaul networks

Energy and electromagnetic pollution considerations in ARoF-based multi-operator multi-service systems