There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

We describe Hi-C, a method that probes the three-dimensional architecture of whole genomes by coupling proximity-based ligation with massively parallel sequencing. We constructed spatial proximity maps of the human genome with Hi-C at a resolution of 1 megabase. These maps confirm the presence of chromosome territories and the spatial proximity of small, gene-rich chromosomes. We identified an additional level of genome organization that is characterized by the spatial segregation of open and closed chromatin to form two genome-wide compartments. At the megabase scale, the chromatin conformation is consistent with a fractal globule, a knot-free, polymer conformation that enables maximally dense packing while preserving the ability to easily fold and unfold any genomic locus. The fractal globule is distinct from the more commonly used globular equilibrium model. Our results demonstrate the power of Hi-C to map the dynamic conformations of whole genomes.

/pdf/comprehensive-mapping-of-long-range-interactions-reveals-15wp5ww9ic.pdf

Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions reveals folding principles of the human genome.

We consider polymers attached to the tip of a cone, and the resulting force due to entropy loss on approaching a plate (or another cone). At separations shorter than the polymer radius of gyration Rg, the only relevant length scale is the tip-plate (or tip-tip) separation h, and the entropic force is given by . The universal amplitude can be related to (geometry dependent) correlation exponents of long polymers. We compute for phantom polymers, and for self-avoiding (including star) polymers by -expansion, as well as by numerical simulations in 3 dimensions.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/96/66002/pdf

Entropic force of polymers on a cone tip

The Casimir force between arbitrary objects in equilibrium is related to scattering from individual bodies. We extend this approach to heat transfer and Casimir forces in non-equilibrium cases where each body, and the environment, is at a different temperature. The formalism tracks the radiation from each body and its scatterings by the other objects. We discuss the radiation from a cylinder, emphasizing its polarized nature, and obtain the heat transfer between a sphere and a plate, demonstrating the validity of proximity transfer approximation at close separations and arbitrary temperatures.

/pdf/nonequilibrium-electromagnetic-fluctuations-heat-transfer-reaiplv5cl.pdf

Nonequilibrium Electromagnetic Fluctuations: Heat Transfer and Interactions

We study a simple growth model for (d+1)-dimensional films of binary alloys in which atoms are allowed to interact and equilibrate at the surface, but are frozen in the bulk. The resulting crystal is highly anisotropic: Correlations perpendicular to the growth direction are identical to a d-dimensional two-layer system in equilibrium, while parallel correlations generally reflect the dynamics of an Ising system. For stronger in-plane interactions, the correlation volumes change from oblate to highly prolate shapes near a critical demixing or ordering transition. In d=1, the critical exponent z relating the scaling of the two correlation lengths varies continuously with the chemical interactions.

Model for growth of binary alloys with fast surface equilibration

Nouveau resultat en mecanique statistique pouvant etre utilise pour generaliser certains hamiltoniens et pour obtenir les energies libres correspondantes. Application de cette methode aux modeles d'Ising

Phase Transitions in New Solvable Hamiltonians by a Hamiltonian Minimization

We consider polymers in which M randomly selected pairs of monomers are restricted to be in contact Analytical arguments and numerical simulations show that an ideal (Gaussian) chain of N monomers remains expanded as long as M (N/M)^(nu) The number of links needed to collapse a polymer in three dimensions thus scales as N^(phi), with (phi) > 043

http://www.tau.ac.il/~kantor/PAPERS/KK_PRE54.5263.96.PDF

Mehran Kardar

Papers

Entropic force of polymers on a cone tip

Nonequilibrium Electromagnetic Fluctuations: Heat Transfer and Interactions

Model for growth of binary alloys with fast surface equilibration

Phase Transitions in New Solvable Hamiltonians by a Hamiltonian Minimization

Conformations of Randomly Linked Polymers