Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond.

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors

This critical review presents an overview of the various classes of Li(+) conductors for use as electrolytes in lithium polymer batteries and all-solid state microbatteries. Initially, we recall the main models for ion transport and the structure-transport relationships at the basis of the observed conductivity behaviours. Emphasis is then placed on the physico-chemical and functional parameters relevant for optimal electrolytes preparation, as well as on the techniques of choice for their evaluation. Finally, the state of the art of polymer and ceramic electrolytes is reported, and the most interesting strategies for the future developments are described (121 references).

Electrolytes for solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries: recent advances and perspectives

In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have become the battery technology of choice for portable devices, electric vehicles and grid storage. While increasing numbers of car manufacturers are introducing electrified models into their offering, range anxiety and the length of time required to recharge the batteries are still a common concern. The high currents needed to accelerate the charging process have been known to reduce energy efficiency and cause accelerated capacity and power fade. Fast charging is a multiscale problem, therefore insights from atomic to system level are required to understand and improve fast charging performance. The present paper reviews the literature on the physical phenomena that limit battery charging speeds, the degradation mechanisms that commonly result from charging at high currents, and the approaches that have been proposed to address these issues. Special attention is paid to low temperature charging. Alternative fast charging protocols are presented and critically assessed. Safety implications are explored, including the potential influence of fast charging on thermal runaway characteristics. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations are made for the direction of future research. The need to develop reliable onboard methods to detect lithium plating and mechanical degradation is highlighted. Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries during charging and preheat them in cold weather are acknowledged as critical, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.

Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review

Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries – A Post-Mortem study

Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries

TiO2 rutile—An alternative anode material for safe lithium-ion batteries

The influence of blending LiMn 2 O 4 spinel with LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) onto the electrochemical and thermal behaviors of the resulting blend electrodes was investigated. The results indicate that NCA addition has a beneficial effect on the discharge capacity of the blends, and thus on the energy density, but in the same time increases the irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle. Also, it deteriorates the rate capability. DSC/TG measurements showed that heat generation for blends containing 50 wt% NCA or less is significantly lower than in the case of pure NCA. Mn dissolution from spinel was considerably reduced by the addition of NCA. Among all investigated blends, the one with 33.3 wt% NCA showed the best behavior in all tested matters.

LiMn2O4 Spinel/LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Blends as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The potential use of lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) as electrolyte salt or additive for lithium-ion batteries has been investigated. The electrochemical performances of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) and graphite in different electrolyte formulations were studied by galvanostatic techniques and cyclic voltammetry. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)/thermal gravimetry (TG), coupled with mass spectrometry, was employed in studying the thermal behavior of charged electrodes in the presence of an electrolyte. The addition of 2 wt % LiBOB to the state-of-the-art LiPF 6 electrolytes suffices to form a stable solid electrolyte interface film, thus protecting the graphite from partial exfoliation. The LiBOB graphite cells exhibited a much lower irreversible capacity in the first cycle in comparison with the pure LiPF 6 electrolyte. NCA has a better cycling stability in LiBOB when compared to the LiPF 6 electrolytes. Also, the discharge capacities obtained at different C-rates between C/5 and 5C were superior to those obtained in LiPF 6 if charging at a C/5 rate. NCA/graphite complete cells in LiBOB cycled with coulombic efficiencies comparable to the state-of-the-art LiPF 6 electrolytes. The DSC/TG measurements showed that LiBOB significantly improves the thermal stability of the graphite in the PC-containing electrolytes. LiBOB shifts the oxygen release from the NCA layered structure to much higher temperatures in comparison with the LiPF 6 electrolyte.

Meike Fleischhammer

Papers

Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries – A Post-Mortem study

Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries

TiO2 rutile—An alternative anode material for safe lithium-ion batteries

LiMn2O4 Spinel/LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Blends as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

LiBOB as Electrolyte Salt or Additive for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 / Graphite