Showing papers in "Journal of The Electrochemical Society in 2011"
TL;DR: A critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented in this article, where specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance.
Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performance of lithium-ion cells at cold temperatures. Furthermore, insights gained from previous experimental and modeling investigations are elucidated. These include the need for more accurate heat generation measurements, improved modeling of the heat generation rate, and clarity in the relative magnitudes of the various thermal effects observed at high charge and discharge rates seen in electric vehicle applications. From an analysis of the literature, the requirements for lithium-ion thermal management systems for optimal performance in these applications are suggested, and it is clear that no existing thermal management strategy or technology meets all these requirements.
1,458 citations
TL;DR: Of the flow battery technologies that have been investigated, the all-vanadium redox flow battery has received the most attention and has shown most promise in various pre-commercial to commercial stationary applications to date, while new developments in hybrid redox fuel cells are promising to lead the way for future applications in mechanically and electrically "refuelable" electric vehicles.
Abstract: The past few decades have shown a rapid and continuous exhaustion of the available energy resources which may lead to serious energy global crises. Researchers have been focusing on developing new and renewable energy resources to meet the increasing fuel demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A surge of research effort is also being directed towards replacing fossil fuel based vehicles with hybrid and electric alternatives. Energy storage is now seen as a critical element in future "smart grid and electric vehicle" applications. Electrochemical energy storage systems offer the best combination of efficiency, cost and flexibility, with redox flow battery systems currently leading the way in this aspect. In this work, a panoramic overview is presented for the various redox flow battery systems and their hybrid alternatives. Relevant published work is reported and critically discussed. A comprehensive study of the available technologies is conducted in terms of technical aspects as well as economic and environmental consequences. Some of the flow battery limitations and technical challenges are also discussed and a range of further research opportunities are presented. Of the flow battery technologies that have been investigated, the all-vanadium redox flow battery has received the most attention and has shown most promise in various pre-commercial to commercial stationary applications to date, while new developments in hybrid redox fuel cells are promising to lead the way for future applications in mechanically and electrically "refuelable" electric vehicles.
1,248 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the most critical challenges to developing robust, high-energy Li/air batteries and suggest future research directions to understand and overcome these challenges and predict that Li-air batteries will primarily remain a research topic for the next several years.
Abstract: Lithium/air batteries, based on their high theoretical specific energy, are an extremely attractive technology for electrical energy storage that could make long-range electric vehicles widely affordable. However, the impact of this technology has so far fallen short of its potential due to several daunting challenges. In nonaqueous Li/air cells, reversible chemistry with a high current efficiency over several cycles has not yet been established, and the deposition of an electrically resistive discharge product appears to limit the capacity. Aqueous cells require water-stable lithium-protection membranes that tend to be thick, heavy, and highly resistive. Both types of cell suffer from poor oxygen redox kinetics at the positive electrode and deleterious volume and morphology changes at the negative electrode. Closed Li/air systems that include oxygen storage are much larger and heavier than open systems, but so far oxygen- and OH − -selective membranes are not effective in preventing contamination of cells. In this review we discuss the most critical challenges to developing robust, high-energy Li/air batteries and suggest future research directions to understand and overcome these challenges. We predict that Li/air batteries will primarily remain a research topic for the next several years. However, if the fundamental challenges can be met, the Li/air battery has the potential to significantly surpass the energy storage capability of today’s Li-ion batteries.
1,032 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the viability of Na-ion negative electrode materials based on Na alloys or hard carbons in terms of volumetric energy density and found that due to the increased size of the Na atom compared to the Li atom, Na-alloys would lead to negative electrode material with roughly half the energy density of their Li analogs.
Abstract: Na-ion batteries have been proposed as candidates for replacing Li-ion batteries. In this paper we examine the viability of Na-ion negative electrode materials based on Na alloys or hard carbons in terms of volumetric energy density. Due to the increased size of the Na atom compared to the Li atom, Na alloys would lead to negative electrode materials with roughly half the volumetric energy density of their Li analogs. Volumetric energy densities obtainable with sodiated hard carbons would also be significantly less than those obtainable with lithiated graphite. These findings highlight the need of novel ideas for Na-ion negative electrodes. VC 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3607983] All rights reserved.
766 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the color rendering index (CRI) and alternative color quality indices are discussed and six main criteria are identified and discussed, which should be fulfilled by a phosphor candidate to be considered for actual application in LEDs.
Abstract: Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are on the verge of a breakthrough in general lighting, due to their rapidly improving efficiency. Currently, white LEDs with high color rendering are mainly based on wavelength conversion by one or more phosphor materials. This Review first describes how to quantify the quality of a light source, discussing the color rendering index (CRI) and alternative color quality indices. Then, six main criteria are identified and discussed, which should be fulfilled by a phosphor candidate to be considered for actual application in LEDs. These criteria deal with the shape and position of the emission and the excitation spectra, the thermal quenching behavior, the quantum efficiency, the chemical and thermal stability and finally with the occurrence of saturation effects. Based on these criteria, the most common dopant ions (broad-band emitting Eu 2+ , Ce 3+ and Mn 2+ , line-emitting rare earth ions,...) and host compounds (garnets, sulfides, (oxy)nitrides,...) are evaluated. Although many phosphor materials have been proposed in literature in recent years, the number of phosphors effectively fulfilling all six requirements is relatively small.
648 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Monoclinic α-NaMnO2 was investigated electrochemically as a positive electrode material for sodium ion batteries, and it was shown that about 0.85 Na can be deintercalated from NaMnNO2 and 0.8 Na can also be intercalated back during potentiostatical intermittent charge and discharge.
Abstract: Monoclinic α- NaMnO2 is re-investigated electrochemically as a positive electrode material for sodium ion batteries. About 0.85 Na can be deintercalated from NaMnO2 and 0.8 Na be intercalated back during potentiostatical intermittent charge and discharge. Galvanostatical cycling between 2.0 V and 3.8 V gives 185 mAh/g discharge capacity for the first cycle at C/10 rate and 132 mAh/g remains after 20 cycles. Charge and discharge curves are significantly different indicating more hysteresis than is typical for lithium intercalation compounds. We also explain the remarkable difference between layered LiMnO2 and NaMnO2 upon alkali removal.
566 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rechargeable Li-air cell utilizing an electrolyte composed of a solution of LiPF 6 in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, CH 3 O(CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 CH 3 (TEGDME), and an uncatalyzed porous carbon electrode, investigated to elucidate the baseline Li−air battery chemistry, is reported.
Abstract: A rechargeable Li―air cell utilizing an electrolyte composed of a solution of LiPF 6 in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, CH 3 O(CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 CH 3 (TEGDME), and an uncatalyzed porous carbon electrode, investigated to elucidate the baseline Li―air battery chemistry, is reported. From the x-ray diffraction patterns of the discharged carbon electrodes, the discharge product of the cell was identified to be Li 2 O 2 during normal discharge to 1.5 V. Discharging the cell to 1.0 V or below produces Li 2 O as well. The cell can be recharged without a catalyst in the carbon cathode, albeit at low depths of discharge. The high resistance of the discharged carbon cathode is a major impediment to recharging cells displaying a high specific capacity. The cell capacity decreases with continued cycling, which was found to be due to the poor cycling efficiency of the Li anode and the high resistance of the discharge products, which slowly accumulate in the porous electrode.
420 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the yield behavior of an electrodeposited cuprous oxide thin film and explore relationships between surface chemistry and reaction behavior relative to air-oxidized and anodized Cu electrodes.
Abstract: The direct reduction of CO2 to CH3OH is known to occur at several types of electrocatalysts including oxidized Cu electrodes. In this work, we examine the yield behavior of an electrodeposited cuprous oxide thin film and explore relationships between surface chemistry and reaction behavior relative to air-oxidized and anodized Cu electrodes. CH3OH yields (43 μmol cm-2 h-1) and Faradaic efficiencies (38%) observed at cuprous oxide electrodes were remarkably higher than air-oxidized or anodized Cu electrodes suggesting Cu(I) species may play a critical role in selectivity to CH3OH. Experimental results also show CH3OH yields are dynamic and the copper oxides are reduced to metallic Cu in a simultaneous process. Yield behavior is discussed in comparison with photoelectrochemical and hydrogenation reactions where the improved stability of Cu(I) species may allow continuous CH3OH generation.
418 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single particle model for MCMB MCMB pouch cells was proposed and the model was extended to include thermal effects by adding the energy balance equation to the SP model.
Abstract: 15 developed a thermal model for the LiCoO2-mesocarbon microbead MCMB pouch cells based on the PP model and obtained good agreement between model predictions and experimental data. A disadvantage common to the P2D model and the PP model is the long simulation time due to the large number of nonlinear equations, so these models become computationally inefficient for simulating conditions such as cycling behavior and series/parallel configuration of stacked cells in battery packs. To improve computational run time without compromising accuracy, the singleparticle model SP modelRef. 3 and 16 was proposed. The SP model ignores the detailed distribution of local concentration and potential in the solution phase and instead accounts for a lumped solution resistance term. Furthermore, the local reaction currents across the porous electrode are assumed to be constant, which allows treatment of a porous electrode as a large number of single particles, all of which are subjected to the same conditions. These assumptions are reasonable for low applied current densities, thin electrodes, and highly conductive electrodes. In such cases the overpotential is primarily affected by the diffusion in the solid state. At high current densities, the concentration gradients in the electrolyte become important. The model presented here does not include these concentration gradients and is consequently limited to low to moderate current densities. These assumptions simplify the model equations significantly. The SP model using a two term polynomial approximation shows good agreement with the detailed PP model for charge/discharge below 1C, where C denotes the cell capacity. 3 In this work, the single-particle model is extended to include thermal effects by adding the energy balance equation to the SP model. Instead of using a two term polynomial approximation, the solid phase diffusion equations are solved by the eigenfunction expansion method, which improved the accuracy of the model. Parameters in this SP thermal model are estimated by fitting the simulated discharge curves up to 1C rate with the experimental data obtained on lithium-ion pouch cells. Also, good agreement between the SP thermal model and the PP thermal model presented in Ref. 15 is obtained.
405 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two open framework materials with the Prussian blue crystal structure, copper hexacyanoferrate (HCF) and nickel hexacynoferrate, were shown to achieve capacity of up to 60 mAh/g.
Abstract: Recent battery research has focused on the high power and energy density needed for portable electronics and vehicles, but the requirements for grid-scale energy storage are different, with emphasis on low cost, long cycle life, and safety. 1,2 Open framework materials with the Prussian Blue crystal structure offer the high power capability, ultra-long cycle life, and scalable, low cost synthesis and operation that are necessary for storage systems to integrate transient energy sources, such as wind and solar, with the electrical grid. We have demonstrated that two open framework materials, copper hexacyanoferrate and nickel hexacyanoferrate, can reversibly intercalate lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium ions at high rates. These materials can achieve capacities of up to 60 mAh/g. The porous, nanoparticulate morphology of these materials, synthesized by the use of simple and inexpensive methods, results in remarkable rate capabilities: e.g. copper hexacyanoferrate retains 84% of its maximum capacity during potassium cycling at a very high (41.7C) rate, while nickel hexacyanoferrate retains 66% of its maximum capacity while cycling either sodium or potassium at this same rate. These materials show excellent stability during the cycling of sodium and potassium, with minimal capacity loss after 500 cycles.
372 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the charge/discharge characteristics of NaTi2(PO4)3 as an anode active material for aqueous sodium-ion battery containing 2 M Na2SO4 anode electrolyte.
Abstract: The charge/discharge characteristics of NaTi2(PO4)3 as an anode active material for aqueous sodium-ion battery containing 2 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte were examined. Cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic discharge/charge and XRD data of the material indicated that sodium can be reversibly intercalated into NASICON-type NaTi2(PO4)3 without serious degradation of the host structure. The best reversible capacity at rate of 2.0 mA cm−2 was 93% of the theoretical capacity of 133 mAh g−1 and the plateau voltage was 2.1 V versus Na/Na+.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a physics-based model that incorporates the major thermodynamic, transport, and kinetic processes of the Li/oxygen battery, and obtain a good match between porous-electrode experiments and simulations by using an empirical fit to the resistance of the discharge products (which include carbonates and oxides when using carbonate solvents) as a function of thickness.
Abstract: The Li/oxygen battery may achieve a high practical specific energy as its theoretical specific energy is 11,400 Wh/kg Li assuming Li 2 O 2 is the product. To help understand the physics of the Li/oxygen battery we present the first physics-based model that incorporates the major thermodynamic, transport, and kinetic processes. We obtain a good match between porous-electrode experiments and simulations by using an empirical fit to the resistance of the discharge products (which include carbonates and oxides when using carbonate solvents) as a function of thickness that is obtained from flat-electrode experiments. The experiments and model indicate that the discharge products are electronically resistive, limiting their thickness to tens of nanometers and their volume fraction in one of our discharged porous electrodes to a few percent. Flat-electrode experiments, where pore clogging is impossible, show passivation similar to porous-electrode experiments and allow us to conclude that electrical passivation is the dominant capacity-limiting mechanism in our cells. Although in carbonate solvents Li 2 O 2 is not the dominant discharge product, we argue that the implications of this model, (i.e., electrical passivation by the discharge products limits the capacity) also apply if Li 2 O 2 is the discharge product, as it is an intrinsic electronic insulator.
TL;DR: In this article, the aging behavior of a commercial 2.3 Ah graphite/LFP cell during a year of cycling or storage at either 25 or 45 C was investigated, and the performance decline of the cells during the aging period was monitored by non-destructive electrochemical techniques and discussed in detail.
Abstract: The aging behavior of a commercial 2.3 Ah graphite/LFP cell during a year of cycling or storage at either 25 or 45 � C is investigated. The performance decline of the cells during the aging period is monitored by non-destructive electrochemical techniques and is discussed in detail. An in-depth analysis of the aging results reveals that aging manifests itself more in terms of capacity loss rather than in terms of impedance increase, regardless of the cycling or storage conditions and of the temperature. The capacity fade is larger at 45 � C than at 25 � C, regardless of the cycling or storage conditions, and at a same temperature, cycling conditions are always more detrimental to capacity fade than storage conditions. The loss of cyclable lithium is identified as the main source of capacity fade in all cases, and for the cells aged at 45 � C, a partial loss of graphite active material is suspected as
TL;DR: In this paper, the Coulombic Efficiency (CE) and the discharge capacity endpoint slippages per cycle (Δ d and Δ c, respectively) of Li-ion full cells and Li/electrode half cells were measured.
Abstract: The High Precision Charger at Dalhousie University can be used to accurately measure the Coulombic Efficiency (CE) and the charge and discharge capacity endpoint slippages per cycle (Δ d and Δ c , respectively) of Li-ion full cells and Li/electrode half cells. If the CE is not exactly 1.0000 and the endpoints slip then this must be due to parasitic reactions between the electrode materials and the electrolyte in the cell. The various parasitic currents and charges associated with: solid electrolyte interface growth; electrolyte oxidation; transition metal dissolution and positive electrode damage are considered using a Li inventory model. The mathematical relations between the parasitic currents and the measured CE, Δ d and Δ c are derived. Example data collected on both Li/graphite, Li/LiCoO 2 half cells as well as both graphite/LiCoO 2 and graphite/LiMn 2 O 4 Li-ion cells are used to illustrate how high precision coulometry results can be used to help elucidate cell degradation mechanisms.
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified spring-block model is used to capture the essential features of cracking patterns of electrode materials, including self-similarity, and cracks are straight in thick films, but show more wiggles in thin films.
Abstract: Cracking of electrodes caused by large volume change and the associated lithium diffusion-induced stress during electrochemical cycling is one of the main reasons for the short cycle life of lithium-ion batteries using high capacity anode materials, such as Si and Sn. In this work, we study the fracture behavior and cracking patterns in amorphous Si thin film electrodes as a result of electrochemical cycling. A modified spring-block model is shown to capture the essential features of cracking patterns of electrode materials, including self-similarity. It is shown that cracks are straight in thick films, but show more wiggles in thin films. As the thickness of film decreases, the average size of islands separated by cracks decreases. A critical thickness bellow which material would not crack is found for amorphous Si films. The experimental and simulation results of this work provide guidelines for designing crack free thin-film lithium ion battery electrodes during cycling by patterning the electrode and reducing the film thickness.
TL;DR: In this article, an isothermal model for the electrochemical behavior of a commercial graphite/LiFePO 4 cell at 25 and 45°C was developed, which does not embed any special feature of the porous electrodes and of the two-phase process of the LiFePO4 electrode.
Abstract: An isothermal model for the electrochemical behavior of a commercial graphite/LiFePO 4 cell at 25 and 45°C is developed. Although it does not embed any special feature of the porous electrodes and of the two-phase process of the LiFePO 4 electrode, proper account of the experimental charge/discharge (from C/10 to 1C) and path-dependence effects of the commercial cell is achieved. The LiFePO 4 electrode is treated based on a resistive-reactant concept with multiple particles whereas a single-particle approach is used to model the graphite electrode. In order to refine the model parameters for each electrode, half cells are made either from the recovered LiFePO 4 or graphite electrodes vs. a Li counterelectrode. A detailed experiment/simulation analysis of half-cell and complete-cell data unfolds the impact of uniaxial pressure on the galvanostatic charge/discharge limitation and path dependence of the LiFePO 4 electrode in the coin cell and the commercial cell.
TL;DR: In this article, an electrolyte additive based on highly fluorinated phosphate ester structure was identified as being able to stabilize carbonate-based electrolytes on 5 V class cathode surfaces.
Abstract: An electrolyte additive based on highly fluorinated phosphate ester structure was identified as being able to stabilize carbonate-based electrolytes on 5 V class cathode surfaces. The synthesis and structural analysis of the additive are described, and preliminary yet encouraging results from electrochemical characterization showed that this additive participates in forming a protective interphasial chemistry not only on transition metal oxide cathode at high voltage (∼5 V vs Li) but also on graphitic graphite at low voltage (∼0 V vs Li), making it possible to formulate an electrolyte supporting reversible Li + -intercalation chemistry in the coveted 5 V region.
TL;DR: In this article, a rotating disk electrode was used to evaluate the catalytic performance of a Tetragonal CoMn 2 O 4 spinel nanoparticles on the surface of graphene sheets (CMOG) via a two-step synthesis.
Abstract: Positive electrodes for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) play a critical role in fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Tetragonal CoMn 2 O 4 spinel nanoparticles have been grown on the surface of graphene sheets (CMOG) via a two-step synthesis. The ORR/OER catalytic characteristics of CMOG were studied with a rotating-disk electrode. Also a lithium-air primary cell having a non-aqueous electrolyte and a rechargeable lithium-air cell with a Li-ion solid electrolyte separating a non-aqueous anode electrolyte from an alkaline aqueous cathode electrolyte were assembled with a CMOG cathode and tested. The results indicate that a CMOG cathode can provide a catalytic platform of considerable activity for the ORR in both electrolytes and also for the OER in the aqueous electrolyte.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the coulombic efficiency of Li/graphite coin cells using the high precision charger at Dalhousie University and found that time and temperature, not cycle count, are the dominant contributors to the growth of the SEI.
Abstract: The charge and discharge endpoint capacities as well as the coulombic efficiency of Li/graphite coin cells have been examined using the high precision charger at Dalhousie University. Cells were charged and discharged at different C-rates and temperatures to observe trends in the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite electrode. The experiments show that time and temperature, not cycle count, are the dominant contributors to the growth of the SEI. The charge consumed by the SEI and hence the SEI thickness, increase approximately with time 1/2 consistent with a process where the temperature-dependent SEI growth rate is inversely proportional to the SEI thickness. The charge consumed by the SEI is proportional to the electrode surface area and this increased consumption on high surface area electrodes continues during cycling, at least with the 1 M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate electrolyte used.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used tomographic data from a commercial lithium-ion battery graphite composite electrode to evaluate the homogeneity of the tortuosity of the electrode by directly integrating the transport equations through its pore space.
Abstract: While battery performance is well predicted by the macrohomogeneous model of Newman and co-workers, predicting degradation and failure remains a challenge. It may be that, like most materials, failure depends on local imperfections and inhomogeneities. In this work we use tomographic data previously obtained for a commercial lithium-ion battery graphite composite electrode to evaluate the homogeneity of the tortuosity of the electrode by directly integrating the transport equations through its pore space. We find that the tortuosity of two halves of the electrode, each roughly 250 × 350 × 50 μm differ by about 30%. On a smaller scale, 80 × 100 × 50 μm, local tortuosity variations up to a factor of 3 were observed. The Bruggeman relationship between porosity and tortuosity is also examined. We find that local porosity alone does not determine local tortuosity very well, and that the average relationship between porosity and tortuosity is not well predicted by the Bruggeman relationship for this electrode. We suggest that large local variations in tortuosity can lead to reduced capacity and life.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined an electrochemistry-based lithium-ion battery model developed by Doyle, Fuller, and Newman and made two main contributions to the literature: first, they adaptively solve the model's algebraic equations using quasi-linearization.
Abstract: This paper examines an electrochemistry-based lithium-ion battery model developed by Doyle, Fuller, and Newman. The paper makes this model more tractable and conducive to control design by making two main contributions to the literature. First, we adaptively solve the model's algebraic equations using quasi-linearization. This improves the model's execution speed compared to solving the algebraic equations via optimization. Second, we reduce the model's order by deriving a family of analytic Pade approximations to the model's spherical diffusion equations. The paper carefully compares these Pade approximations to other published methods for reducing spherical diffusion equations. Finally, the paper concludes with battery simulations showing the significant impact of the proposed model reduction approach on the battery model's overall accuracy and simulation speed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different film deposition temperatures, thermal annealing and chemical etching were studied, and the relationship between changes in electrode polarization resistance of oxygen reduction and surface composition was found.
Abstract: Pulsed laser deposited La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3―δ (LSC) thin film electrodes on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) single crystals were investigated by impedance spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Effects caused by different film deposition temperatures, thermal annealing and chemical etching were studied. Correlations between changes in electrode polarization resistance of oxygen reduction and surface composition were found. At high deposition temperatures and after thermal annealing an inhomogeneous cation distribution was detected in the surface-near region, most manifest in a significant Sr enrichment at the surface. An activating effect of chemical etching of LSC is described, which can lower the polarization resistance by orders of magnitude. Chemistry behind this activation and thermal degradation was analyzed by ToF-SIMS and ICP-OES measurements of in-situ etched LSC films. The latter allow quantitative depth resolved compositional analysis with nominally sub nm resolution. High resolution scanning electron microscopy images illustrate the accompanying changes in surface morphology. All measurements suggest that stoichiometric LSC surfaces intrinsically exhibit very high activity towards oxygen reduction.
TL;DR: A simple transformation of coordinates is proposed that facilitates the efficient simulation of the non-isothermal lithium-ion pseudo 2-D battery model and is used to simulate operation of an 8-cell battery stack subject to varying heat transfer coefficients as well as specified temperature boundary conditions.
Abstract: In this paper, a simple transformation of coordinates is proposed that facilitates the efficient simulation of the non-isothermal lithium-ion pseudo 2-D battery model. The transformed model is then conveniently discretized using orthogonal collocation with the collocation points in the spatial direction. The resulting system of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) is solved using efficient adaptive solvers in time. A series of mathematical operations are performed to reformulate the model to enhance computational efficiency and programming convenience while maintaining accuracy even when non-linear or temperature dependent parameters are used. The transformed coordinate allows for efficient simulation and extension from cell sandwich to stack models. Furthermore, the transformation and reformulation techniques are used to simulate operation of an 8-cell battery stack subject to varying heat transfer coefficients as well as specified temperature boundary conditions.