VERY few veterinary surgeons have thought fit to write a book on diseases of poultry. Mr. Ernest Gray has done justice to the subject and is to be congratulated on his effort. A book of this size, written by one with specialized knowledge, will add to the value of any library or private bookshelf. Diseases of Poultry Their Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control; with a Section on the Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Fowl. By Ernest Gray. (Lockwood's Agricultural and Horticultural Handbooks.) Pp. x + 198 + 16 plates. (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, Ltd., 1940.) 9s. 6d. net.

Diseases of Poultry

https://citarea.cita-aragon.es/citarea/bitstream/10532/3271/1/2015_296.pdf

Brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current challenges for management, diagnosis and control.

A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants.

A Disease of Poultry

Ticks--vectors of medical and veterinary importance--are themselves also significant pests. Tick salivary proteins are the result of adaptation to blood feeding and contain inhibitors of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, and angiogenesis, as well as vasodilators and immunomodulators. A previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome (from the Greek sialo, saliva) of Amblyomma variegatum is revisited in light of recent advances in tick sialomes and provides a database to perform a proteomic study. The clusterized data set has been expertly curated in light of recent reviews on tick salivary proteins, identifying many new families of tick-exclusive proteins. A proteome study using salivary gland homogenates identified 19 putative secreted proteins within a total of 211 matches. The annotated sialome of A. variegatum allows its comparison to other tick sialomes, helping to consolidate an emerging pattern in the salivary composition of metastriate ticks; novel protein families were also identified. Because most of these proteins have no known function, the task of functional analysis of these proteins and the discovery of novel pharmacologically active compounds becomes possible.

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A further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum

A cross-sectional study was carried out on bovine brucellosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms from November 2003 to April 2004. A total of 1,202 blood samples were collected from non-vaccinated, cross-bred dairy cattle. The Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) was used as a screening test. Those serum samples reacting positively to RBPT were subjected to the complement fixation test (CFT) for confirmation. The RBPT detected 30 of 1,202 (2.5%) of the samples as brucellosis positive. The positive sera when further retested using CFT, 18 out of the 30 RBPT positive sera were confirmed to be positive. The prevalence of brucellosis based on CFT in the study area was 1.5%, and all positive sera were from female cattle. Result of the questionnaire survey revealed that percentage of 4.4% abortion and 9.5% retained fetal membranes. Abortion and retained fetal membranes were associated with Brucella antibodies (P < 0.05). A total of 153 cattle attendants and owners in the farms were interviewed, and 73.5% were found to have no knowledge of brucellosis, only 20.8% wear protective gloves during handling aborted material and 39.6% responded that they consume raw milk. Results of this study showed that prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study area is low and a test-and-slaughter policy can be used in order to control the diseases in dairy farms of Addis Ababa.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms

This study was conducted in Bahir Dar town, from November, 2013 to April, 2014 to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on rabies and associated factors among the community of Bahir Dar town. A cross-sectional study design and multistage sampling procedures were employed to select households for this study. Administrative areas were randomly selected from the town. Kebeles were selected using lottery method from list of kebeles in each administrative area, followed by selection of households from each kebeles using systematic random sampling method. The data were collected from 423 households through face to face interview using pretested and structured questionnaires. SPSS Windows version 16.0 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statics techniques and Pearson's chi squares analysis were used to manage the data and the association between outcome (KAP) and explanatory variables. Of the 410 respondents interviewed, 283 (69%) of them were males and 127 (31%) females and 303 (73.7%) were between 15-29 years old. The majority of the respondents 303 (73.7%) were Orthodox. Almost all of the respondents indicated that they had previously heard about rabies. The majority of the study participants 263 (64.1%) had good level of KAP. There was strong association between KAP scores and sex (x =69.624, p<0.05); educational level (x =1.893, p<0.05); occupation 22 (x =58.554, p<0.05) and household size (x =38.069, p<0.05). Generally these findings indicate that the Bahir Dar 22

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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Rabies and Associated Factors: In the Case of Bahir Dar Town

Ectoparasites are the major causes of skin lesions in animals. Clinical, skin scraping examination, and histopathological studies were conducted to identify and characterize skin lesions in small ruminants caused by ectoparasites. Mange mites, lice, sheep keds, and ticks were collected from the skin of affected animals for species identification. Skin biopsies were collected from affected part of the skin and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology. Of 1,000 sheep and 600 goats examined, 815 (81.50%) sheep and 327 (54.5%) goats were infested with one or more types of ectoparasites. Sarcoptes scabiei var ovis, Demodex ovis, Psoroptes ovis, Bovicola ovis, Melophagus ovinus, and Amblyomma variegatum and other tick species were identified from sheep. S. scabiei var caprae, Demodex caprae, Linognathus stenopsis, and A. variegatum and other tick species were identified from goats. Gross skin lesions or defects observed on the skin include stained and ragged wool, loss of wool/hair, nodules, crusts, lichenification, and fissuring. Microscopic evaluation of H and E stained skin sections revealed lesions in the epidermal layer such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and melanin inconsistency on the basal cells of the epidermis. Follicular keratosis, perifolliculitis, frunculosis, perivasculitis, and aggregates of inflammatory cells (of acute and chronic type) with fibrosis were experiential in the dermal layer of the skin. Most of the skin lesions caused by ectoparasites are overlapping. Thus, ectoparasites control program should be executed to reduce skin lesions as skins are the major export commodity of the country.

Ectoparasites are the major causes of various types of skin lesions in small ruminants in Ethiopia.

Commercial poultry production is one of the flourishing ventures of animal production in Ethiopia. It has been providing to the demands of proteins at least to the urban population, though concurrent health constraints are hampering its intended potential. This study reports the influence of infectious diseases in commercial broiler farms in central Ethiopia. In this study, clinical signs, gross lesions, laboratory tests (serology, bacterial culture, histopathology and parasitology) and farm management data were used to identify major causes of outbreaks in an age specific manner in broiler chickens in three poultry farms in Debre Zeit, Central Ethiopia. The outbreaks detected in the farms were due to mycoplasmosis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, coccidiosis and infectious bursal disease. It is observed that the occurrence of concurrent diseases in the farms significantly affects the productivity and health status of broilers. The risk factors that predispose birds to the various infections in the different farms studied were also recorded. In addition, recommendations were also provided.

Occurrence of concurrent infectious diseases in broiler chickens is a threat to commercial poultry farms in Central Ethiopia

Across-section study was conducted in and around Girja Woreda from September 2011 to March, 2012 to determine the economic impact of trypanosome in cattle. Questionnaires based information was used to assess the economic significance and determine factors assessed in relation to economic impact of the disease. Out of 60 villagers asked about the impact of trypanosomosis of cattle. The result revealed that trypanosomosis as a disease of livestock in the area, the most important and the first problems affecting livestock productivity and agricultural activity as per 95% of the respondents. Nearly all respondent explained the direct impact on livestock productivity include reduce meat and milk off take, increase calving rate, increase in calf mortality and increase in cost of live stock management. Indirect impact of trypanosomosis include decrease crop production, decrease traction power, reduces work efficiency of both man and animals. The occurrence of such infection subjected the community to additional expenditure estimated for about 480 Ethiopian Birr per household (US$28.23) on preventive and 320 ETB (US$ 18.2) per house hold on curative drugs. Trypanosomosis is probably the only disease which has profoundly affected the settlement and economic development of a major part of the community in the study area. Therefore, trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the areas and the situation is getting worse as the control and prevention of trypanosomosis is facing a challenge due to limitation of vector control activities and the development of drug resistance in the area. These results show the dramatic impacts that trypanosomosis cause a series problems in the area.

Mersha Chanie

Papers

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Rabies and Associated Factors: In the Case of Bahir Dar Town

Ectoparasites are the major causes of various types of skin lesions in small ruminants in Ethiopia.

Occurrence of concurrent infectious diseases in broiler chickens is a threat to commercial poultry farms in Central Ethiopia

Socio-Economic Assessment of the Impacts of Trypanosomiasis on Cattle in Girja District, Southern Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia