Investment in Capital Markets creates a strategic vision on the financial capital investment in the capital markets with the aim to get an increased return premium in the short and long time periods. The book is written with a main goal to explain the pros and cons of the financial capital investment in the capital markets, discussing the sophisticated investment concepts and techniques in the simple understandable readable general format language. We would like to highlight the three interesting facts about the book: 1. It is centered on the consideration of the modern investment products, the investment vehicles and the investment mediums for the financial capital investment in the capital markets; 2. It is focused on the financial risk calculation and mitigation techniques for the financial capital investment in the financial capital markets. 3. It is aimed to describe the quantum winning virtuous investment strategies creation and execution techniques during the financial capital investment in the capital markets. The investors, financiers, economists, financial analysts, financial traders, financial advisers, lawmakers, policy analysts, subject experts, professors, and students will certainly enjoy a breathtaking splendid learning journey with the explained new ideas, established concepts and outlined future prospects toward the financial capital investment in the capital markets with the aim to get an increased return premium in the short and long time periods.

Investment in capital markets

Over the past decades, many countries have implemented significant reforms to foster domestic capital market development. These reforms included stock market liberalization, privatization programs, and the establishment of regulatory and supervisory frameworks. Despite the intense reform efforts, the performance of capital markets in several countries has been disappointing. To study whether reforms have had the intended effects on capital markets, the authors analyze the impact of six capital market reforms on domestic stock market development and internationalization using event studies. They find that reforms tend to be followed by significant increases in domestic market capitalization, trading, and capital raising. Reforms are also followed by an increase in the share of activity in international equity markets, with potential negative spillover effects on domestic markets.

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Stock market development under globalization: Whither the gains from reforms?

Advanced electronic trading platforms and index exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have an impact on the minimum-variance hedging of stock indexes with futures. Minimum-variance hedging may provide better out-of-sample hedging performance than a naiuve futures hedge, but only in markets without active trading of ETFs or advanced electronic communications networks. There is no evidence now to suggest that complex econometric models that include, e.g., time-varying conditional covariances and error correction can improve on the simple ordinary least squares hedge ratio. In markets with actively traded index ETFs and well-established electronic trading, no significant efficiency gains are apparent from any minimum-variance hedge.

Effectiveness of minimum-variance hedging

We assemble the dates of announcement and actual introduction of electronic trading by the leading exchange of 118 countries to examine the long term and medium term impact of automation. The dividend growth model suggests a decline in expected returns by 0.08% per month after the introduction of electronic trading. Consistent with this reduction in equity premium in the long run, there is a positive short-term price reaction to the switch. These findings are sustained even after controlling for risk factors, financial integration, economic liberalization, and economic development. The results support the notion that electronic trading enhances the liquidity and informativeness of stock markets leading to a reduction in illiquidity premium.

Financial Market Design and Equity Premium: Electronic versus Floor Trading

On May 10, 1999, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE) transferred trading in the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 Index futures contracts from outcry to LIFFE CONNECT, its electronic trading system. We find lower spreads in the electronic market after the transition. However, the open outcry mechanism has higher market quality (or smaller variance of the pricing error) on the basis of Hasbrouck's (1993) model. Furthermore, employing the Hasbrouck (1991) model, we show that trades in the open outcry market have higher information content. Inventory control considerations also affect the electronic market more than the open outcry market. The overall results suggest that electronic trading should complement, but not replace, open outcry in futures markets. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 713–735, 2001

Michael Blennerhassett

Papers

A change in market microstructure: the switch to electronic screen trading on the New Zealand stock exchange