Michael C. Gregg

Abstract: By comparing observations from six diverse sites in the mid-latitude thermocline, we find that, to within a factor of 2, 〈eIW〉=7×10‐10〈N2/N02〉〈S104/SGM4〉 W kg‐1, where 〈eIW〉 is the average dissipation rate attributable to internal waves; N0 = 0.0052 s−1 is a reference buoyancy frequency; S10 is the observed shear having vertical wavelengths greater than 10 m; and SGM is the corresponding shear in the Garrett and Munk spectrum of internal waves. The functional form agrees with estimates by McComas and Muller and by Henyey, Wright, and Flatte of the rate of energy transfer within the internal wave spectrum, provided the energy density of the internal waves is treated as a variable instead of one of the constant parameters. Following Garrett and Munk, we assume that 〈S104/SGM4〉=〈EIW2/EGM2〉, where EIW is the observed energy density and EGM is the energy density used by Garrett and Munk. The magnitude of eIW is twice that of Henyey et al. and one third that of McComas and Muller. Thus the observations agree with predictions sufficiently well to suggest that (1) a first-order understanding of the link between internal waves and turbulence has been achieved, although Henyey et al. made some ad hoc assumptions and Garrett and Munk's model does not match important features in the internal wave spectrum reported by Pinkel, and (2) the simplest way to obtain average dissipation rates over large space and time scales is to measure 〈N2/N02〉〈S104/SGM4〉. Even though the observations were taken at latitudes of 42°−11.5°, the variability in the Coriolis parameter ƒ was too limited for a conclusive test of the ƒ dependence also predicted for 〈eIW〉 by the wave-wave interaction models. An exception to the scaling occurs east of Barbados in the thermohaline staircase that is apparently formed and maintained by salt fingers. Although e in the staircase is very low compared with rates at mid-latitude sites, it is 8 times larger than predicted for e due only to internal waves.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare surface layer definitions based on density (or temperature) with turbulence measurements to evaluate their skill in finding mixed and mixing layer depths, using definitions using density increase from the surface, and on density gradients.

TL;DR: In the observations, dissipation rates and accompanying mixing across density surfaces near the Equator are less than 10% of those at mid-latitudes for a similar background of internal waves, which will have to be taken into account in numerical simulations of ocean dynamics.

TL;DR: This investigation of the cascade from tides to turbulence along the Hawaiian Ridge found internal-wave energy is enhanced, and turbulent dissipation in the region near the ridge is 10 times larger than open-ocean values.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors observed two modes of outflow at the Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar, i.e., inflow and outflow, and they estimated the rate of formation of new transitional water during outflow as (0.8-1.2) × 105 m3 s−1.