자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

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Using Multivariate Statistics

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

We review recent determinations of the present-day mass function (PDMF) and initial mass function (IMF) in various components of the Galaxy—disk, spheroid, young, and globular clusters—and in conditions characteristic of early star formation. As a general feature, the IMF is found to depend weakly on the environment and to be well described by a power-law form forM , and a lognormal form below, except possibly for m!1 early star formation conditions. The disk IMF for single objects has a characteristic mass around M , m!0.08 c and a variance in logarithmic mass , whereas the IMF for multiple systems hasM , and . j!0.7 m!0.2 j!0.6 c The extension of the single MF into the brown dwarf regime is in good agreement with present estimates of L- and T-dwarf densities and yields a disk brown dwarf number density comparable to the stellar one, n!n! BD " pc !3 .T he IMF of young clusters is found to be consistent with the disk fi eld IMF, providing the same correction 0.1 for unresolved binaries, confirming the fact that young star clusters and disk field stars represent the same stellar population. Dynamical effects, yielding depletion of the lowest mass objects, are found to become consequential for ages!130 Myr. The spheroid IMF relies on much less robust grounds. The large metallicity spread in the local subdwarf photometric sample, in particular, remains puzzling. Recent observations suggest that there is a continuous kinematic shear between the thick-disk population, present in local samples, and the genuine spheroid one. This enables us to derive only an upper limit for the spheroid mass density and IMF. Within all the uncertainties, the latter is found to be similar to the one derived for globular clusters and is well represented also by a lognormal form with a characteristic mass slightly larger than for the disk, M , ,e xcluding as ignif icant population of m!0.2-0.3 c brown dwarfs in globular clusters and in the spheroid. The IMF characteristic of early star formation at large redshift remains undetermined, but different observational constraints suggest that it does not extend below!1M , .T hese results suggest a characteristic mass for star formation that decreases with time, from conditions prevailing at large redshift to conditions characteristic of the spheroid (or thick disk) to present-day conditions.Theseconclusions,however, remain speculative, given the large uncertainties in the spheroid and early star IMF determinations. These IMFs allow a reasonably robust determination of the Galactic present-day and initial stellar and brown dwarf contents. They also have important galactic implications beyond the Milky Way in yielding more accurate mass-to-light ratio determinations. The mass-to-light ratios obtained with the disk and the spheroid IMF yield values 1.8-1.4 times smaller than for a Salpeter IMF, respectively, in agreement with various recent dynamical determinations. This general IMF determination is examined in the context of star formation theory. None of the theories based on a Jeans-type mechanism, where fragmentation is due only to gravity, can fulfill all the observational constraints on star formation and predict a large number of substellar objects. On the other hand, recent numerical simulations of compressible turbulence, in particular in super-Alfvenic conditions, seem to reproduce both qualitatively and quantitatively the stellar and substellar IMF and thus provide an appealing theoretical foundation. In this picture, star formation is induced by the dissipation of large-scale turbulence to smaller scales through radiative MHD shocks, producing filamentary structures. These shocks produce local nonequilibrium structures with large density contrasts, which collapse eventually in gravitationally bound objects under the combined influence of turbulence and gravity. The concept of a single Jeans mass is replaced by a distribution of local Jeans masses, representative of the lognormal probability density function of the turbulent gas. Objects below the mean thermal Jeans mass still have a possibility to collapse, although with a decreasing probability.

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Galactic stellar and substellar initial mass function

In the 1980s, exosomes were described as vesicles of endosomal origin secreted from reticulocytes. Interest increased around these extracellular vesicles, as they appeared to participate in several cellular processes. Exosomes bear proteins, lipids, and RNAs, mediating intercellular communication between different cell types in the body, and thus affecting normal and pathological conditions. Only recently, scientists acknowledged the difficulty of separating exosomes from other types of extracellular vesicles, which precludes a clear attribution of a particular function to the different types of secreted vesicles. To shed light into this complex but expanding field of science, this review focuses on the definition of exosomes and other secreted extracellular vesicles. Their biogenesis, their secretion, and their subsequent fate are discussed, as their functions rely on these important processes.

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Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles

Understanding CHD pile performance in granular soils

Causes of Titan's Lake and Cloud Distributions and Predictions of Future Changes

We obtained a 08-24 micron whole-disk spectrum of Titan on 138 nights between February 2006 and January 2008 with SpeX at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility These spectra allow us to probe Titan’s surface and troposphere at 6 distinct low opacity window regions in the near infrared We observe a seasonal difference in the frequency and brightness of Titan’s tropospheric clouds during this season (35-15 Earth years pre vernal equinox) compared with previous seasons Titan has been observed (autumnal equinox and northern winter solstice) These data allow us to constrain the total cloud coverage of Titan’s disk on 87% nights to be less than 015% On the 13% of nights on which cloud activity was detected, it covered less than 04% of Titan’s disk at altitudes of ∼30 km and did not preferentially occur at any particular Titan longitude In addition to providing insight into the long and short-term tropospheric cloud evolution on Titan, these data allow us to independently constrain the amount of the surface flux that penetrates at a given wavelength from 08-24 microns Subject headings: Planets and Satellites: Titan – Infrared: Solar System

Seasonal Change in Titan's Cloud Activity Observed with IRTF/SpeX

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Eco-driving algorithms enabled by Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) can improve fuel economy by generating an energy-efficient velocity trajectory for vehicles to follow in real time. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) demonstrated a 7% reduction in energy consumption for fully loaded class 8 trucks using SwRI’s eco-driving algorithms. However, the impact of these schemes on vehicle emissions is not well understood. This paper details the effort of using data from SwRI’s on-road vehicle tests to measure and evaluate how eco-driving could impact emissions. Two engine and aftertreatment configurations were evaluated: a production system that meets current NOX standards and a system with advanced aftertreatment and engine technologies designed to meet low NOX 2031+ emissions standards. For the production system, eco-driving on an urban cycle resulted in a CO2 reduction of 8.4% but an increase of 18% in brake specific NOX over the baseline cycle. With the low NOX system, eco-driving achieved a similar reduction in CO2. NOX emissions increased 108% over the baseline but remained below the low NOX standard. The eco-driving cycles generated lower exhaust temperatures than the baseline cycles, which inhibited SCR catalyst performance and increased tailpipe NOX. Conversely, a port drayage cycle with eco-driving showed improvements in both CO2 and NOX emissions over the baseline. The results demonstrate that eco-driving algorithms can be a technological enabler to meet current and potential future emissions targets for heavy-duty applications.</div></div>

Evaluating the Impact of Connected Vehicle Technology on Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions

Researchers have paid considerable attention towards understanding why students experience academic difficulties in college, particularly with regards to student persistence (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). While much of the research on retention in higher education focuses on institutional factors, including social support structures, financial aid, and campus climate (Mayhew et al., 2016; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005; Tinto, 1997), there remain several questions regarding how the design and organization of a college curriculum can impact college student success. Disciplines Curriculum and Instruction | Higher Education Comments This proceeding was published as DeMonbrun, R. M., & Brown, M. G., & Teasley, S. D. (2018, June), The Snowball Effect: Exploring the Influence of Changes in Academic Performance on Student Success in Co-enrolled Courses. Paper presented at 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition , Salt Lake City, Utah. https://peer.asee.org/31124. © 2018 American Society for Engineering Education. Posted with permission. This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/edu_conf/8

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Michael E. Brown

Papers

Understanding CHD pile performance in granular soils

Causes of Titan's Lake and Cloud Distributions and Predictions of Future Changes

Seasonal Change in Titan's Cloud Activity Observed with IRTF/SpeX

Evaluating the Impact of Connected Vehicle Technology on Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions

The Snowball Effect: Exploring the Influence of Changes in Academic Performance on Student Success in Co-enrolled Courses