The ocean color algorithm proposed in this paper takes into account the effects of Rayleigh and aerosol scattering. The inherent reflectance and the diffuse transmittance of the Rayleigh atmosphere are expressed as functions of optical thickness and satellite measurement geometry with the aid of simple and accurate formulas. In the case of a turbid atmosphere, from which the aerosol optical thickness is unknown, the aerosol contribution is estimated with the aid of a measurement in a channel where the ocean is a blackbody (in the red or near infrared). If the relationship between the ocean color and the chlorophyll-like pigment concentration is assumed to be known at sea level, it is shown that the chlorophyll-like pigment concentration at an open ocean site can be determined from space to within a factor of 1.5 to 3 (uncertainty equal to 0.2 to 0.5 log interval), depending on the atmospheric turbidity.

An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space

近赤外域における雲の分光反射率:実測値と計算値の比較;近赤外域における雲の分光反射率:実測値と計算値の比較;Spectral Reflectance of Clouds in the Near-Infrared: Comparison of Measurements and Calculations

Temperature dependence of the water-ice spectrum between 1 and 4 microns - Application to Europa, Ganymede and Saturn's rings

The rationale, design, and performance of a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer are discussed. The instrument was employed in the measurement of stratospheric emissionin the 7–90-cm−1 spectral interval with a 0.0033-cm−1 resolution (unapodized) from a balloon-borne platform at ~40-km altitude.

Submillimeter high-resolution FT spectrometer for atmospheric studies.

On the Use of the Earth Resources Technology Satellite ( LANDSAT-1 ) in Optical Oceanography

Zero fill, or augmentation by zeros, is a method used in conjunction with fast Fourier transforms to obtain spectral spacing at intervals closer than obtainable from the original input data set. In the present paper, an interpolation technique (interpolation by repetitive convolution) is proposed which yields values accurate enough for plotting purposes and which lie within the limits of calibration accuracies. The technique is shown to operate faster than zero fill, since fewer operations are required. The major advantages of interpolation by repetitive convolution are that efficient use of memory is possible (thus avoiding the difficulties encountered in decimation in time FFTs) and that is is easy to implement.

Spectral interpolation: zero fill or convolution

The detection of ocean color changes, thought to be due to chlorophyll concentrations and gelbstoffe variations, is attempted from high altitude (11.3km) and low altitude (0.3km). The atmospheric back scattering is shown to reduce contrast, but not sufficiently to obscure color change detection at high altitudes.

Detection of ocean color changes from high altitudes

IR reflectance of cirrostratus and cirrus clouds and jet contrail measured by spectrometer on high altitude aircraft

Infrared reflectance of high altitude clouds

The use of embedded processors greatly enhances the capabilities of personal computers when used for telemetry processing and command control center functions. Parallel architectures based on the use of transputers are shown to be very versatile and reusable, and the synergism between the PC and the embedded processor with transputers results in single unit, low cost workstations of 20 less than MIPS less than or equal to 1000.

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19940019470/downloads/19940019470.pdf

High performance, low cost, self-contained, multipurpose PC based ground systems

The performance and cost effectiveness of em bedded processing has greatly enhanced the personal computer's (PC) capability, particularly when used for real-time satellite data acquisition , telemetry processing, command and control operations. Utilizing a transputer based parallel architecture, a modular, reusable, and scalable control system is attainable. The synergism between the personal computer and embedded processing results in eficient, low cost desktop workstations up to 1000 MIPS of performance. [

Michael L. Forman

Papers

Spectral interpolation: zero fill or convolution

Detection of ocean color changes from high altitudes

Infrared reflectance of high altitude clouds

High performance, low cost, self-contained, multipurpose PC based ground systems

Applying pc-based embedded processing for real-time satellite data acquisition and control