1. Introduction. 2. Linear Algebra. 3. Linear Systems. 4. H2 and Ha Spaces. 5. Internal Stability. 6. Performance Specifications and Limitations. 7. Balanced Model Reduction. 8. Uncertainty and Robustness. 9. Linear Fractional Transformation. 10. m and m- Synthesis. 11. Controller Parameterization. 12. Algebraic Riccati Equations. 13. H2 Optimal Control. 14. Ha Control. 15. Controller Reduction. 16. Ha Loop Shaping. 17. Gap Metric and ...u- Gap Metric. 18. Miscellaneous Topics. Bibliography. Index.

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Essentials of Robust Control

First, we review some previous work on networked control systems (NCSs) and offer some improvements. Then, we summarize the fundamental issues in NCSs and examine them with different underlying network-scheduling protocols. We present NCS models with network-induced delay and analyze their stability using stability regions and a hybrid systems technique. Following that, we discuss methods to compensate network-induced delay and present experimental results over a physical network. Then, we model NCSs with packet dropout and multiple-packet transmission as asynchronous dynamical systems and analyze their stability. Finally, we present our conclusions.

Stability of networked control systems

In this paper, a new control method for the parallel operation of inverters operating in an island grid or connected to an infinite bus is described. Frequency and voltage control, including mitigation of voltage harmonics, are achieved without the need for any common control circuitry or communication between inverters. Each inverter supplies a current that is the result of the voltage difference between a reference ac voltage source and the grid voltage across a virtual complex impedance. The reference ac voltage source is synchronized with the grid, with a phase shift, depending on the difference between rated and actual grid frequency. A detailed analysis shows that this approach has a superior behavior compared to existing methods, regarding the mitigation of voltage harmonics, short-circuit behavior and the effectiveness of the frequency and voltage control, as it takes the R to X line impedance ratio into account. Experiments show the behavior of the method for an inverter feeding a highly nonlinear load and during the connection of two parallel inverters in operation.

A Voltage and Frequency Droop Control Method for Parallel Inverters

The recently introduced proportional-resonant (PR) controllers and filters, and their suitability for current/voltage control of grid-connected converters, are described. Using the PR controllers, the converter reference tracking performance can be enhanced and previously known shortcomings associated with conventional PI controllers can be alleviated. These shortcomings include steady-state errors in single-phase systems and the need for synchronous d-q transformation in three-phase systems. Based on similar control theory, PR filters can also be used for generating the harmonic command reference precisely in an active power filter, especially for single-phase systems, where d-q transformation theory is not directly applicable. Another advantage associated with the PR controllers and filters is the possibility of implementing selective harmonic compensation without requiring excessive computational resources. Given these advantages and the belief that PR control will find wide-ranging applications in grid-interfaced converters, PR control theory is revised in detail with a number of practical cases that have been implemented previously, described clearly to give a comprehensive reference on PR control and filtering.

Proportional-resonant controllers and filters for grid-connected voltage-source converters

The development of miniature flying robots has become a reachable dream, thanks to the new sensing and actuating technologies. Micro VTOL systems represent a useful class of flying robots because of their strong abilities for small-area monitoring and building exploration. In this paper, we present the results of two model-based control techniques applied to an autonomous four-rotor micro helicopter called quadrotor. A classical approach (PID) assumed a simplified dynamics and a modern technique (LQ) based on a more complete model. Various simulations were performed and several tests on the bench validate the control laws. Finally, we present the results of the first test in flight with the helicopter released. These developments are part of the OS4 project in our lab.

PID vs LQ control techniques applied to an indoor micro quadrotor

From the Publisher:
This well-respected, market-leading text discusses the use of digital computers in the real-time control of dynamic systems The emphasis is on the design of digital controls that achieve good dynamic response and small errors while using signals that are sampled in time and quantized in amplitude Both classical and modern control methods are described and applied to illustrative examples The strengths and limitations of each method are explored to help the reader develop solid designs with the least effort Two new chapters have been added to the third edition offering a review of feedback control systems and an overview of digital control systems Updated to be fully compatible with MATLAB versions 4 and 5, the text thoroughly integrates MATLAB statements and problems to offer readers a complete design picture The new edition contains up-to-date material on state-space design and twice as many end-of-chapter problems to give students more opportunities to practice the material

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Digital control of dynamic systems

A disk drive power manager that compares energy usage with a predetermined profile to select one of several reduced-power operating modes. An energy usage register is updated at regular intervals according to the energy used during each time interval. An attenuated average energy usage value is obtained by attenuating the energy usage measures over time and integrating the results. The average energy level is compared with several predetermined energy threshold profiles to select a full- or reduced-power operating mode. Operating mode selection automatically adapts to the usage pattern to optimally balance power consumption with operational accessibility.

Adaptive system for optimizing disk drive power consumption

A digital servo control system for a data recording disk file receives as input a digital head position error signal (PES) and a digital signal corresponding to the head actuator input signal, and outputs a digital control signal. The control signal is integrated and amplified to provide the input signal to the actuator. The control signal is calculated from estimated values of absolute head position, head velocity and the equivalent actuator input signal required to compensate for constant or very low frequency bias forces. The estimated values are functions of respective predicted values, which in turn are functions of, among other things, constants representing the digital sampling time and physical parameters of the actuator. The updating of the estimated values from the respective predicted values is made with the use of an error term, which is the error between the measured absolute head position and the predicted absolute head position. The predicted absolute head position is made sufficiently accurate that the error term is always less than a selected number of tracks. This permits the digital servo control system to operate during track seeking without counting track crossings so that the system is operable with servo information recorded either in sectors on a data disk or in continuous tracks on a dedicated servo disk.

Digital servo control system for a data recording disk file

Following a brief review of the continuous time proximate time-optimal servomechanism (PTOS), a discrete time PTOS is developed, along with conditions for its stability. An algorithm is proposed for adapting PTOS when the plant parameters are not known yielding APTOS (adaptive PTOS). Under ideal conditions APTOS is shown to be uniformally asymptotically stable. Simulation results demonstrate the predicted performance, and experimental results validate the practicality of APTOS.

Adaptive proximate time-optimal servomechanisms: Discrete-time case

An improvement to a disk file servo control system removes repeatable error from the read/write head position error signal (PES) during track following. The disk file includes a microprocessor 60 and associated memory devices 62, 64. A table of values of a sine function having a frequency equal to the disk rotational frequency is stored in a memory device. The microprocessor 60 receives each sample of PES from the servo control system and values from the sine function table in the memory device and computes a group of tap weights, each tap weight being a function of the PES sample, the value of a sine or cosine function with a frequency at one of the harmonics of the disk rotational frequency, a learning rate factor and the corresponding value of the tap weight for the previous PES sample. For each PES sample, the tap weights in a group are added to generate a repeatable error correction signal Uc which is summed with the control signal U to the head actuator, thereby generating a modified control signal Um which causes the head to follow the true track centerline. The repeatable error components are thus removed from the PES.

Michael L. Workman

Papers

Digital control of dynamic systems

Adaptive system for optimizing disk drive power consumption

Digital servo control system for a data recording disk file

Adaptive proximate time-optimal servomechanisms: Discrete-time case

A disk file servo control system with fast reduction of repeatable head position error