计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Statistics For Spatial Data

Thirty-three brothels in rural and small-town Nevada, which contain between 225 and 250 prostitutes, are legal or openly tolerated and strictly controlled by state statute, city and county ordinances, and local rules. Twenty-two of the brothels are in places with populations between 500 and 8,000, and the remaining eleven are in rural areas. The legal and quasi-legal restrictions placed on prostitutes severely limit their activities outside brothels. These restrictions in conjunction with historical inertia, perceived benefits of crime and venereal disease control, and the good image of madams contribute to widespread positive local attitudes toward brothel prostitution. Interactions between clients and prostitutes in brothel parlors are also restricted and limited to a few basic types which are largely determined by entrepreneurial philosophy. KEY WORDS : Nevada, Political geography, Prostitution, Restricted activity spaces.

ANNALS of the Association of American Geographers

Regression Analysis of Count Data: Preface

This research investigates how the inclusion of attribute certainty in map displays influences GIS modeling and spatial decision support. The goal is to establish empirical evidence documenting gra...

Guidelines for the Display of Attribute Certainty

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can provide valuable insight into patterns of human activity. Online spatial display applications, such as Google Earth, can democratise this information by disseminating it to the general public. Although this is a generally positive advance for society, there is a legitimate concern involving the disclosure of confidential information through spatial display. Although guidelines exist for aggregated data, little has been written concerning the display of point level information. The concern is that a map containing points representing cases of cancer or an infectious disease, could be re-engineered back to identify an actual residence. This risk is investigated using point mortality locations from Hurricane Katrina re-engineered from a map published in the Baton Rouge Advocate newspaper, and a field team validating these residences using search and rescue building markings. We show that the residence of an individual, visualized as a generalized point covering approximately one and half city blocks on a map, can be re-engineered back to identify the actual house location, or at least a close neighbour, even if the map contains little spatial reference information. The degree of re-engineering success is also shown to depend on the urban characteristic of the neighborhood. The results in this paper suggest a need to re-evaluate current guidelines for the display of point (address level) data. Examples of other point maps displaying health data extracted from the academic literature are presented where a similar re-engineering approach might cause concern with respect to violating confidentiality. More research is also needed into the role urban structure plays in the accuracy of re-engineering. We suggest that health and spatial scientists should be proactive and suggest a series of point level spatial confidentiality guidelines before governmental decisions are made which may be reactionary toward the threat of revealing confidential information, thereby imposing draconian limits on research using a GIS.

/pdf/spatial-confidentiality-and-gis-re-engineering-mortality-os2wr2dpy5.pdf

Spatial confidentiality and GIS: re-engineering mortality locations from published maps about Hurricane Katrina.

The immediate aftermath of Katrina focused the world's attention on the vulner - ability of the urban poor and racial/ethnic minority groups in New Orleans. This vulnerability can be viewed in terms of site, the proximity of a neighborhood to a hazard, and situation, the social context of that neighborhood. Vulnerabilities, associated with demographic char- acteristics such as being poor, being a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, and being female, will strengthen the force of a disaster. This paper uses a site and situation approach to show how maps of the five main sources of disaster-related stress in New Orleans can be used to predict where counseling resources should be targeted.

/pdf/katrina-and-vulnerability-the-geography-of-stress-55hov0antj.pdf

Katrina and vulnerability: the geography of stress.

Evaluating the usefulness of functional distance measures when calibrating journey-to-crime distance decay functions

The impact that natural disasters have on crime is not well understood. In general, it is assumed that crime declines shortly after the disaster and slowly increases to pre-disaster levels over time. However, this assumption is not always confirmed by the few empirical studies that have been conducted to date. In this paper we analyze the impacts that Hurricane Rita, and for the pur- pose of comparison, Hurricane Katrina had on the temporal and spatial distributions of reported crimes in the city of Houston, TX. Crime data were collected before, during, and after the landfall of both hurricanes. The modeling part of this paper focused on primarily spatio-temporal and lo- cal regression models at the local scale. Spatio-temporal models were applied to identify potential spatio-temporal crime clusters associated with the hurricanes. A local regression model in the form of a geographically weighted regression was applied to explore relationships between crime clusters and possible underlying factors leading to the creation of said clusters. The results show that while Hurricane Katrina did not have any apparent impact on crime, Hurricane Rita led to a significant short-term increase in burglaries and auto thefts. The post important result was the identification of a large, highly significant spatio-temporal burglary cluster located in the northeastern part of Houston. This cluster lasted from a few days before to a few days after the landfall of Hurricane Rita. Empirical evidence was found that the mandatory evacuation order that was issued prior to the arrival of Hurricane Rita led to a short-time spike in burglaries. It was assumed that these crimes were committed by individuals who did not follow the evacuation order, but instead burglarized the residences of individuals who did evacuate. No mandatory evacuation order was issued for Hurricane Katrina. Altogether, three variables including the percentage of African Americans, the percentage of persons living below the poverty level, and the distance to the nearest police station was identified as having a positive relationship with the increase in burglaries associated with Hurricane Rita .

https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/chemgeo/geog/lehrstuehle/gis/leitner_helbich_2011.pdf

Michael Leitner

Papers

Guidelines for the Display of Attribute Certainty

Spatial confidentiality and GIS: re-engineering mortality locations from published maps about Hurricane Katrina.

Katrina and vulnerability: the geography of stress.

Evaluating the usefulness of functional distance measures when calibrating journey-to-crime distance decay functions

The Impact of Hurricanes on Crime: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis in the City of Houston, Texas