MUCKE aims to mine a large volume of images, to structure them conceptually and to use this conceptual structuring in order to improve large-scale image retrieval. The last decade witnessed important progress concerning low-level image representations. However, there are a number problems which need to be solved in order to unleash the full potential of image mining in applications. The central problem with low-level representations is the mismatch between them and the human interpretation of image content. This problem can be instantiated, for instance, by the incapability of existing descriptors to capture spatial relationships between the concepts represented or by their incapability to convey an explanation of why two images are similar in a content-based image retrieval framework. We start by assessing existing local descriptors for image classification and by proposing to use co-occurrence matrices to better capture spatial relationships in images. The main focus in MUCKE is on cleaning large scale Web image corpora and on proposing image representations which are closer to the human interpretation of images. Consequently, we introduce methods which tackle these two problems and compare results to state of the art methods. Note: some aspects of this deliverable are withheld at this time as they are pending review. Please contact the authors for a preview.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/4524/12820/00592460.pdf

Image Processing

Amphibole thermodynamics are approximated with the symmetric formalism (regular solution model for within-site non-ideality and a reciprocal solution model for cross-site-terms) in order to formulate improved thermometers for amphibole-plagioclase assemblages. This approximation provides a convenient framework with which to account for composition-dependence of the ideal (mixing-on-sites) equilibrium constants for the equilibria:
 For A and B all possible within-site and cross-site interactions among the species □−K−Na−Ca−Mg−Fe2+−Fe3+−Al−Si on the A, M4, M1, M3, M2 and T1 amphibole crystallographic sites were examined. Of the 36 possible interaction energy terms, application of the symmetric formalism results in a dramatic simplification to eight independent parameters. Plagioclase nonideality is modelled using Darken's quadratic formalism. We have supplemented an experimental data set of 92 amphibole-plagioclase pairs with 215 natural pairs from igneous and metamorphic rocks in which the pressure and temperature of equilibration are well constrained. Regression of the combined dataset yields values for the eight interaction parameters as well as for apparent enthalpy, entropy and volume changes for each reaction. These parameters are used to formulate two new thermometers, which perform well (±40°C) in the range 400–1000°C and 1–15 kbar over a broad range of bulk compositions, including tschermakitic amphiboles from garnet amphibolites which caused problems for the simple thermometer of Blundy and Holland (1990). For silica-saturated rocks both thermometers may be applied: in silica-undersaturated rocks or magmas thermometer B alone can be applied. An improved procedure for estimation of ferric iron in calcic amphiboles is presented in the appendix.

Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry

A model for the generation of intermediate and silicic igneous rocks is presented, based on experimental data and numerical modelling. The model is directed at subduction-related magmatism, but has general applicability to magmas generated in other plate tectonic settings, including continental rift zones. In the model mantlederived hydrous basalts emplaced as a succession of sills into the lower crust generate a deep crustal hot zone. Numerical modelling of the hot zone shows that melts are generated from two distinct sources; partial crystallization of basalt sills to produce residual H2O-rich melts; and partial melting of pre-existing crustal rocks. Incubation times between the injection of the first sill and generation of residual melts from basalt crystallization are controlled by the initial geotherm, the magma input rate and the emplacement depth. After this incubation period, the melt fraction and composition of residual melts are controlled by the temperature of the crust into which the basalt is intruded. Heat and H2O transfer from the crystallizing basalt promote partial melting of the surrounding crust, which can include meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous basement rocks and earlier basalt intrusions. Mixing of residual and crustal partial melts leads to diversity in isotope and trace element chemistry. Hot zone melts are H2O-rich. Consequently, they have low viscosity and density, and can readily detach from their source and ascend rapidly. In the case of adiabatic ascent the magma attains a super-liquidus state, because of the relative slopes of the adiabat and the liquidus. This leads to resorption of any entrained crystals or country rock xenoliths. Crystallization begins only when the ascending magma intersects its H2O-saturated liquidus at shallow depths. Decompression and degassing are the driving forces behind crystallization, which takes place at shallow depth on timescales of decades or less. Degassing and crystallization at shallow depth lead to large increases in viscosity and stalling of the magma to form volcano-feeding magma chambers and shallow plutons. It is proposed that chemical diversity in arc magmas is largely acquired in the lower crust, whereas textural diversity is related to shallow-level crystallization.

/pdf/the-genesis-of-intermediate-and-silicic-magmas-in-deep-3g95p0zv3p.pdf

The Genesis of Intermediate and Silicic Magmas in Deep Crustal Hot Zones

The continental crust has an andesitic bulk composition, which cannot have been produced by the basaltic magmatism that dominates sites of present-day crustal growth—at both convergent margins and within plates. These observations suggest that there may have been a different mode of continental crust generation in Archaean times, and may point to delamination of the lower crust as an important recycling process.

Making continental crust

Granitic plutonism is the principal agent of crustal differentiation, but linking granite emplacement to crust formation requires knowledge of the magmatic evolution, which is notoriously difficult to reconstruct from bulk rock compositions. We unlocked the plutonic archive through hafnium (Hf) and oxygen (O) isotope analysis of zoned zircon crystals from the classic hornblende-bearing (I-type) granites of eastern Australia. This granite type forms by the reworking of sedimentary materials by mantle-like magmas instead of by remelting ancient metamorphosed igneous rocks as widely believed. I-type magmatism thus drives the coupled growth and differentiation of continental crust.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/315/5814/980.full.pdf

Magmatic and Crustal Differentiation History of Granitic Rocks from Hf-O Isotopes in Zircon

An Experimental Study of the Influence of Oxygen Fugacity on Fe-Ti Oxide Stability, Phase Relations, and Mineral—Melt Equilibria in Ferro-Basaltic Systems

Chapter 7. SOLUBILITIES OF SULFUR, NOBLE GASES, NITROGEN, CHLORINE, AND FLUORINE IN MAGMAS

The 1995–1999 eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, MontINTRODUCTION serrat, has produced a crystal-rich andesite containing quenchThe Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, located in the textured mafic inclusions, which show evidence of having been molten Lesser Antilles island arc in the West Indies, began to when incorporated into the host magma. Individual crystals in the erupt on 18 July 1995, after about 350 years of dormancy andesite record diverse histories. Amphibole phenocrysts vary from (Young et al., 1998b). The eruption was preceded by a pristine and unaltered to strongly oxidized and pseudomorphed by period of seismic swarms, which began in January 1992. anhydrous reaction products. Plagioclase phenocrysts are commonly Previous earthquake crises have occurred on Montserrat reverse zoned, often with dusty sieve textures. Reverse zoned rims are in 1896–1897, 1932–1935 and 1966–1967 (Powell, 1938; also common on orthopyroxene phenocrysts. Pyroxene geothermometry Shepherd et al., 1971). Initial phreatic and phregives an average temperature of 858 ± 20 °C for orthopyroxene atomagmatic activity was followed by extrusion of an phenocryst cores, whereas reverse zoned rims record temperatures andesitic lava dome in November 1995. Pyroclastic flows, from about 880 to 1050 °C. The heterogeneity in mineral rim generated by gravitational collapse of the unstable dome, compositions, zoning patterns and textures is interpreted as reflecting have been the dominant form of activity throughout the non-uniform reheating and remobilization of the resident magma eruption, but periods of explosive activity, producing body by intrusion of hotter mafic magma. Convective remobilization pumice flows and falls, have also occurred (Robertson et results in mixing together of phenocrysts that have experienced al., 1998; Young et al., 1998b). Dome growth ceased different thermal histories, depending on proximity to the intruding suddenly in March 1998 and further activity up to May mafic magma. The low temperature and high crystallinity are 1999 has mainly involved gravitational collapses of the interpreted as reflecting the presence of a cool, highly crystalline dome and periods of ash venting, with some small-scale magma body beneath the Soufriere Hills volcano. The petrological vulcanian explosive events. observations, in combination with data on seismicity, extrusion rate The Soufriere Hills volcano is the only active centre and SO2 fluxes, indicate that the current eruption was triggered by on Montserrat. The volcano is a composite of at least recent influx of hot mafic magma. five andesitic lava domes, flanked by pyroclastic deposits. Rea (1974) identified four other volcanic centres, all

/pdf/remobilization-of-andesite-magma-by-intrusion-of-mafic-magma-50bj5mxl9s.pdf

Remobilization of Andesite Magma by Intrusion of Mafic Magma at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies

Solubilities of sulfur, noble gases, nitrogen, chlorine, and fluorine in magmas

Characteristic features of many porphyritic andesite and dacite lavas are that they are rich in crystals and display a range of disequilibrium features, including reversely zoned crystals, resorption surfaces, wide ranges of mineral compositions and minerals which are not in equilibrium with the surrounding rock matrix. These features are often interpreted as evidence of the mixing of magmas of contrasting composition, temperature and origin1,2. Here, however, we propose that such features can also be caused by convection within a magma body with a single composition, that is heated from below and cooled from above. We describe petrological observations of andesite lava erupted at the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, which indicate a heating event and the intermingling of crystals that have very different thermal histories. We present experimental data on a representative groundmass composition of this lava, which indicate that it is difficult to explain the calcic compositions of plagioclase overgrowth rims and microphenocrysts unless parts of the magma were at temperatures much higher than the inferred average temperature. The concept of convective self-mixing allows us to explain the occurrence of compositions of minerals that apparently cannot coexist under equilibrium conditions.

Michael R. Carroll

Papers

An Experimental Study of the Influence of Oxygen Fugacity on Fe-Ti Oxide Stability, Phase Relations, and Mineral—Melt Equilibria in Ferro-Basaltic Systems

Chapter 7. SOLUBILITIES OF SULFUR, NOBLE GASES, NITROGEN, CHLORINE, AND FLUORINE IN MAGMAS

Remobilization of Andesite Magma by Intrusion of Mafic Magma at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies

Solubilities of sulfur, noble gases, nitrogen, chlorine, and fluorine in magmas

Mineral disequilibrium in lavas explained by convective self-mixing in open magma chambers.