This article provides researchers with a guide to properly construe and conduct analyses of conditional indirect effects, commonly known as moderated mediation effects. We disentangle conflicting definitions of moderated mediation and describe approaches for estimating and testing a variety of hypotheses involving conditional indirect effects. We introduce standard errors for hypothesis testing and construction of confidence intervals in large samples but advocate that researchers use bootstrapping whenever possible. We also describe methods for probing significant conditional indirect effects by employing direct extensions of the simple slopes method and Johnson-Neyman technique for probing significant interactions. Finally, we provide an SPSS macro to facilitate the implementation of the recommended asymptotic and bootstrapping methods. We illustrate the application of these methods with an example drawn from the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions, showing that the indirect effect of intrinsic student interest on mathematics performance through teacher perceptions of talent is moderated by student math self-concept.

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Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions.

The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is denned and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.

http://www.elaborer.org/cours/A13/lectures/Gross1998.pdf

The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review.

Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology

Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review.

The Social Psychology of Organizations.

Occupational Injuries - Prevalence, Costs, And Setting The Stage, Julian Barling And Michael R. Frone Safety Climate And Safety At Work, Andrew Neal And Mark A. Griffin The Effect Of Teamwork On Safety Processes And Outcomes, Nick Turner And Sharon Parker Job Insecurity - Exploring A New Threat To Employee Safety, Tahira Probst Contingent Work And Occupational Safety, Michael Quinlan And Philip Bohle Young Workers' Occupational Safety, Catherine Loughlin And Michael R. Frone Alcohol, Drugs, And Workplace Safety Outcomes - A View From A General Model Of Employee Substance Use And Productivity, Michael R. Frone The Role Of Leadership In Safety, David A. Hofmann And Frederick P. Morgenson Pay And Benefits - The Role Of Compensation Systems In Workplace Safety, Robert R. Sinclair And Lois E. Tetrick High Performance Work Systems And Occupational Safety, Anthea Zacharatos And Julian Barling The Role Of Training In Promoting Workplace Safety And Health, Michael J. Colligan And Alexander Cohen. (Part Contents).

The psychology of workplace safety.

This study examined whether specific facets of social support (tangible assistance, appraisal, and belonging) moderate the relationship between a specific type of stress (financial stress) and alcohol involvement (drinking to cope, heavy drinking, and alcohol problems). Data were derived from a community sample stratified by education and race. Respondents (N = 1,040) were interviewed in 1986 and 1989 and had drunk alcohol during the year preceding both interviews. Results supported the buffering influence of tangible support on the financial stress-alcohol involvement relationship. In contrast, neither appraisal nor belonging support consistently revealed a buffering pattern. These findings indicate the importance of taking into account specific components of social support when examining the relationship between specific sources of life stress and alcohol involvement.

Financial stress, social support, and alcohol involvement: a longitudinal test of the buffering hypothesis in a general population survey.

: A review of past research revealed inconsistent findings concerning the relationship between job involvement and work-family conflict. This study tested whether family involvement moderates the relationship between job involvement and work-family conflict. Two types of family involvement (spouse and parent) and two types of work-family conflict (job-spouse and job-parent) were assessed. Data were gathered via questionnaire from a sample of nonteaching professionals employed by a large public university in northeastern United States. As hypothesized, job involvement and job-spouse conflict were positively related for individuals high in spouse involvement and unrelated for individuals low in spouse involvement. Contrary to prediction, parental involvement did not moderate the relationship between job involvement and job-parent conflict. Instead, job involvement was positively related to job-parent conflict regardless of the level of parental involvement. Results are discussed in terms of standards for role performance and strength of role demands. Implications for future research are also discussed.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3000337.pdf

Work-Family Conflict: The Effect of Job and Family Involvement

The growing numbers of women entering the work force, especially those who are married or parents (e.g., Matthews & Rodin, 1989; Piotrkowski, Rapoport, & Rapoport, 1987), has heightened interest among both work and family researchers in exploring the interdependence of work and family roles. A specific outgrowth has been an increased interest in studying the health-related consequences of work-family conflict among employed women with family responsibilities.Work-family conflict occurs when efforts to fulfill work role demands interfere with one's ability to fulfill family demands and vice versa (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985). Because work-family conflict reflects the overall goodness-of-fit between work and family life, it has been conceptualized as an important source of stress that may influence an individual's well-being. For example, identity theory (e.g., Burke, 1991; Schlenker, 1987) posits that work-family conflict may be a potent stressor because it represents a threat or impediment to self-identification. A central tenet of identity theory is that individuals devote considerable time and energy to constructing and maintaining desired identities. Moreover, people are threatened when their self-images are damaged by impediments to self-identifying activities (Burke, 1991; Schlenker, 1987). An impediment represents a "blocking or interruption of activity that has potential implications for people's goals and identity" (Schlenker, 1987, p. 277). Thus, individuals who frequently experience conflict between their work and family roles may be more likely to experience difficulty constructing and maintaining desired work-and family-related self-images, and therefore suffer from a host of deleterious health-related outcomes.In general, the proposition that work-family conflict is positively associated with adverse outcomes among women is well supported. For example, it has been linked to heightened psychological distress (e.g., Bromet, Dew, & Parkinson, 1990; Frone, Russell, & Cooper, 1991, 1992a; O'Driscoll, Ilgen, & Hildreth, 1992), lowered life satisfaction (e.g., Aryee, 1992; Bedeian, Burke, & Moffett, 1988; Rice, Frone, & McFarlin, 1992), and increases in physical symptomatology (e.g., Frone et al., 1991; Guelzow, Bird, & Koball, 1991). Nonetheless, few studies have examined the relationship of work-family conflict to health-related behaviors among women. Substance use represents one important set of health-related behaviors (e.g., Harris & Heft, 1992). Specifically, the present study focuses on heavy alcohol use and cigarette use for two reasons. First, alcohol consumption and cigarette use continue to be the two most prevalent forms of substance use among adults (Collins, 1993; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1990). Second, heavy alcohol use and the number of cigarettes smoked daily have been associated with increases in morbidity, disease-related mortality, and various forms of trauma (e.g., Chesney, 1991; Collins, 1993; Russell, Cooper, Frone, & Welte, 1991; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1988, 1993).PRIOR RESEARCHTo date, two studies have examined the relationship of work-family conflict to alcohol or cigarette use among women. Bromet et al. (1990) found a marginally significant (p

Relationship of Work-Family Conflict to Substance Use among Employed Mothers: The Role of Negative Affect.

In this study, the author explored the relations of 2 work stressors (work overload and job insecurity) to employee alcohol use and illicit drug use. The primary goal was to explore the importance of temporal context (before work, during the workday, and after work) in the assessment of substance use compared with context-free (overall) assessments. Data were collected from a national sample of U.S. workers (N = 2,790) who took part in a broad cross-sectional survey on workplace health and safety. Consistent with past research, the results fail to support a relation between work stressors and overall measures of alcohol and illicit drug use. However, the results support the relation of work stressors to alcohol and illicit drug use before work, during the workday, and after work. These results provide support for both the stress-induced substance use and stress response dampening propositions of the tension-reduction hypothesis. When exploring the work environment as a potential cause of employee substance use, these results underscore the importance of measures that assess alcohol and illicit drug use in terms of their temporal relation to the workday.

Michael R. Frone

Papers

The psychology of workplace safety.

Financial stress, social support, and alcohol involvement: a longitudinal test of the buffering hypothesis in a general population survey.

Work-Family Conflict: The Effect of Job and Family Involvement

Relationship of Work-Family Conflict to Substance Use among Employed Mothers: The Role of Negative Affect.

Are work stressors related to employee substance use? The importance of temporal context assessments of alcohol and illicit drug use.